Which are, what is their status and what can we expect from ecosystem services provided by Spanish rivers and riparian areas?
Biodiversity and Conservation
M. Rosario Vidal-Abarca Gutiérrez,*; M. Luisa Suárez Alonso
Department of Ecology and Hydrology. University of Murcia. Campus de Espinardo. 30100. Murcia. Spain
* Corresponding author. E-mail address:
List of the indicators and indices, data sources, years assessed and units employed in this study.
PROVISIONIG SERVICESEcosystem services / Sub-category / Indicator/index / Data source / Years assessed / Data Units
Food / Capture freshwater fishes / Number andtotal weight ofcatchesofriver fish / Forest statistics; Spanish Ministry of Environment, Rural and Marine. / 2005-2011 / Nº and Kg
Salmon catch / Spanish Ministry of Agriculture,Fisheries and Food
Sport fishing conservation groups ( and / 1949-2011 / Nº, Kg and €
Trout catch / Data serie: 1985-1990: SpanishMinistry of Agriculture,Fisheries and Food( 2006 data: Spanish Ministry of Environment, Rural and Marine. / 1985-2006 / Nº, Kg and €
Crayfish catch / Gutiérrez-Yurrita et al.(1997). Spanish Ministry of Agriculture,Fisheries and Food; Forest statistics; Spanish Ministry of Environment, Rural and Marine . / 1962-2007 / Nº, Kg and €
Value of river fish production / Anuarios de estadística forestal; Spanish Ministry of Environment, Rural and Marine . / 2005-2006 / €
Aquaculture / Number and type of aquaculture facilities / Spanish Ministry of Agriculture,Fisheries and Food( / 1967-2011 / Nº
Total aquaculture production / Spanish Ministry of Agriculture,Fisheries and Food / 1985-2011 / Nº and Kg
Value of aquaculture production / Spanish Ministry of Agriculture,Fisheries and Food( / 1985-2011 / €
Total number andweight offish caughtin rivers come from aquaculture / Spanish Ministry of Agriculture,Fisheries and Food( / 2005-2007 / Nº and Kg
Sturgeon andcaviar production / Empresa Río Frío / 2001-2009 / Kg and €
Employment in aquaculture / Forest statistic 2005. / 1996-2011 / Number of people
Freshwater / Totalrenewable waterresources / CEDEX ( ),Meteorological Agency ( / 1940-2011 / mm
Runoff / SIMPA SIA ( / 1940-2011 / mm
Provision of water for drinking / Spanish National Institute of Statistics ( / 1996-2010 / litters/person/day
Provision and origin of water for agriculture / Spanish National Institute of Statistics ( / 1999-2010 / Hm3
Waterproduced bydesalination / Spanish National Institute of Statistics ( and / 1996-2008 / Hm3
Total water consumption / Spanish National Institute of Statistics ( / 1999-2010 / Hm3
Water consumption by drinking / Spanish National Institute of Statistics ( / 1996-2010 / Hm3
Water consumption by irrigation / Spanish National Institute of Statistics ( and statistics 2009 of Ministry of Environment, Rural and Marine ( / 1999-2008 / Hm3
Water consumption by industry / Spanish National Institute of Statistics ( / 1996-2008 / Hm3
Hydropower water use / EUROSTAT ( / 1997-2006 / Hm3
Water consumedincooling of thermaland nuclear power / Cuentas satélite del agua en España. Spanish National Institute of Statistics ( / 2000-2006 / Hm3
Aquaculture water use / Spanish National Institute of Statistics – 2008 ( / 2000-2004 / Hm3
Waterexploitationindex / Spanish National Institute of Statistics ( / 1999-2006 / %
Water consumptionindex / Spanish National Institute of Statistics ( / 1999-2008 / %
Value of water / Spanish National Institute of Statistics ( / 1996-2007 / €/m3
VAB and water consumption by irrigation / Spanish National Institute of Statistics ( Statistics- 2008 and 2009 of Ministry of Environment, Rural and Marine / 1999-2008 / M3/ha crop and Million €
PIB and provision of water for drinking and agriculture / Spanish National Institute of Statistics ( / 2000-2007 / Hm3 and Million €
Biological raw materials / Firewood/wood / Area occupied byriparian forests / Forest statistics -2006 ( / 2006 / Has
Woodproduced byriparian forests / IFN 2 ( / 1986/1996 and 1997/2006 / M3
Firewoodproduced byriparian forests / IFN 3 ( / 2006 / Tonnes and m3
Handicraftswith fibersfromriparianplant species / National Classification of Economic Activities (CNAE-93 REV.1) / 2007-2008 / €
Mineral raw materials / Gravel/sand / Number andlocationgravel pits / ANEFA: National Association of Aggregate Manufacturers (
y / 2001 / Nº
Productionofsand and gravel / Forest statistics ( and IGME ( / 1995-2006 / Million tonnes and €
Aggregates consumption / Spanish National Institute of Statistics ( / 1998-2008 / Million tonnes
Employment generated by theaggregates sector / Mining Statistics of Spain ( / 2001 and 2010 / Number of people
Salt / Numberexploitationinlandsaline / Mining Statistics of Spain (2007) and Association of Friends of the continental Salinas ( / Before 2000 and 2000-2007 / Nº
Salt production / Salt Institute (ISAL) / 1990-2007 / Thousand tonnes
Value of salt / Salt Institute (ISAL) / 1994-2007 / Thousand €
Employment generated by inland saline / Salt Institute (ISAL) / 1994-2007 / Number of people
Mineral water / Production of mineral watersand spring waters / IGME( , National Association of bottled drinking water (ANEABE) ( / 1970-2007 / Million litters
Value of mineral waters and spring waters / National Association of bottled drinking water (ANEABE) ( and Spanish National Institute of Statistics ( / 2001-2005 / Thousand €
Renewable energy / Hydraulic energy / Total production of hydroelectricity / Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade, IDAE (Institute for Energy Diversification and Saving, 2006), Spanish Electricity System ( Renewable Energy Plan in Spain : PER 2005-2010. / 1945-2009 / GWh
Annualnet consumptionof electricity / Annualhydroelectric production / Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade , del IDAE (Institute for Energy Diversification and Saving , 2006), Spanish Electricity System ( / 1959-2009 / %
Hydraulic potential of Spanish hydrological basins / Informes del IDAE ( Institute for Energy Diversification and Saving , 2006) / 2004 / MW
Hydroelectricity production of Spanish hydrological basins / Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade y del IDAE (Institute for Energy Diversification and Saving, 2006). / 1995-2009 / GWh
Installed power andproductionof small hydroelectric power / Report Renewable Energy Plan in Spain : PER 2005-2010, IDAE (Institute for Energy Diversification and Saving , 2006) y de la National Energy Commission . / 1990-2007 / MW
Genetic resources / Vertebrates of rivers and riparian forest (total number of species, endemisms and endangered species) / National Biodiversity Inventory ( Doadrio (2001), Pleguezuelos et al. (2002), Doadrio and Aldeguer (2007),Palomi, et al. (2007) / - / Nº
Biodiversity of aquatic invertebrates / Fauna Ibérica ( Ribera (2000), Verdú and Galante (2009) / - / Nº
NumberLIFE-Nature projectsfor the protectionof threatened speciesofriversand riparian forest /
/ 1999-2010 / Nº, €
Natural medicines / Medicinal plantsofriversand riparian / Verde et al. (1998), Fajardo et al. (2000), Andreu et al. (2001), Rivera et al. (2006), Benitez et al. (2010) / - / unitless
REGULATING SERVICES
Ecosystem services / Sub-category / Indicator/index / Data source / Years assessed / Data Units
Climate regulation / Regional and local climatic regulation / Annual precipitation / Meteorological Agency ( and CEDEX( / 1941-2008 / mm
Annual average temperature / Meteorological Agency ( and CEDEX ( / 1940-2007 / ºC
Evapotranspiration / CEDEX ( / 1940-2008 / mm
Evaporation from reservoirs / Spanish Geographic Institute. ( MMA (1998). / 1998 / Hm3, Hm3/m2
Humidity Index / / 1940-41/2008-09 / unitless
CO2emissionsfrom wastewater / National Inventory Submissions / 1990-2010 / Giga-grams
CH4 emissions from wastewater / National Inventory Submissions / 1991-2010 / Giga-grams
N2O emissions from wastewater / National Inventory Submissions / 1991-2010 / Giga-grams
Carbon storage / Carbon sequesteredby plantationsofPopulus / Forest statistic-2007 (
Fernández González (1998) / 2007 / tonnes CO2/ha/yr
Annual increase incarbon sequestration inliving biomassofriparian forest / IFN 2 ( IFN 3 ( / 1996 / 2006 / Tonnes C/ha/yr
and Giga-grams CO2/ha/yr
Organic carbon stored influvisols / Corine Europe soil database version 2. European environment Agency ( Díaz-Hernández et al. (2003) / - / tonnes C/ha
Water regulation and water quality regulation / Water regulation / Snow / / 1987-2009 / Hm3
Number and area ofglaciers / Arenillas et al.(2008) / 1894-2008 / Nº, Has
Ground-water recharge / and MMARM (2010a) / 2008-2009 / m
Soil water / / 1941-2009 / Litters/m2
Hydrologicalstateindex / / 2006-2010 / unitless
Regulated waterin reservoirs / / 1987-2008 / Hm3
Water storedin reservoirs/totalwater generated inSpanishwatersheds / and CEDEX ( ) for 2005. / 1987-2009 / %
Water lossesindistribution channels / Spanish National Institute of Statistics ( / 1996-2007 / Hm3
Recycled water / Spanish National Institute of Statistics ( / 1996-2008 / Hm3 /yr
Water transfer / Confederación Hidrográfica del Segura ( / 1978-2010 / Hm3
Water purification and waste treatment / Number of effluent sewage / / 1998-2010 / Nº
Number andefficiencyof the treatment plants / y MAGRAMA (2011) ( / 1995-2010 / Nº
Waste treatment / Spanish National Institute of Statistics ( / 1996-2010 / M3/person/day
Sludge produced in treatment plants / National Register of Sludge : / 1997-2008 / Tonnes of dry matter
Point source pollution and diffuse pollution / / - / Nº
Fertilizerconsumed / MAGRAMA (2011) ( / 1995-2010 / Kg/ha
BOD5 / Red ICA ( / 1999-2009 / Mg/l
Phosphorus concentrationin surface water / MAGRAMA (2011) ( / 2008-2010 / µg/l P-PO4
Nitrate concentrationin surface water / Red ICA ( / 1999-2009 / Mg/l
Salinity in surface water / MMARM (2008) / 2003-2006 / µS/cm
GeneralQuality Index / Red ICA ( / 1999-2009 / 0-100
Ecological statusof Spanish rivers (EU Water Framework Directive) / MAGRAMA (2011) ( / - / unitless
Groundwater status ((EU Water Framework Directive) / MAGRAMA (2011) ( / - / unitless
Chloridesin groundwater / MAGRAMA (2011) ( / 2009 / Mg/l
Nitrate concentrationin groundwater / MAGRAMA (2011) ( and / 2003-2009 / Mg/l
Cost ofwater purification / Spanish National Institute of Statistics ( / 1996-2010 / €/m3
Publicfinancial investmentinwater quality / MMARM, (2008) (
MMARM (2009) ( / 1998-2011 / Million €
Erosion regulation / Risk ofgullyerosion / National Inventory of Soil Erosion (2002-2012) ( / - / Tonnes/ha/yr
Sediments accumulate in the reservoirs / Sanz Montero (2002), Sanz Montero et al. (1998), De Antonio et al.(1995), Bodoque et al.(2001), Palau (2004), López Moreno et al. (2003) / Several years / Tonnes/yr
Specific degradationIndex ( average annual of solidinputxsedimentdensity/surfacecatchment) / Sanz Montero (2002), Sanz Montero et al. (1998), De Antonio et al. (1995), Avendaño and Cobo (1997), García Ruíz and López Bermúdez (2009) / Several years / Tonnes/km2/yr
Soil formation and fertility / Fluvisols surface / Corine Europe soil database version 2. European environment Agency ( / - / has
Sludge produced in treatment plants used in agriculture / National Register of Sludge ( GHG inventory reports ( / 1997-2008 / Thousandtonnesdry matter
Natural hazard mitigation / Number of floods / Barriendos and Rodrigo (2006), Bautista (1989) / 1000-2012 / Nº
Number of dry periods / MMA, 1998, MARM, 2008 / 1800-2007 / Nº
HydrologicalStateIndex in terms of the incidence of the drought / / 2006-2010 / 0-1
Deaths caused by natural disasters / Dirección General de Protección Civil y Emergencias ( / 1995-2009 / Nº
Economic losses from natural disasters / Informes Balance del año hidrológico 2004-05,2005-06, 2006-07, 2007-08 y 2009-10 ( Consorcio de compensación de seguros ( MMA (1998), MARM (2008) / 1971-2010 / €
Conservation statusof riverbanks / Suárez et al. ( 2000, 2002), INITEC ( 2006) / - / unitless
Urbanized landsurface / Observatorio de Sostenibilidad en España, (2006) ( / - / has
Biological control / Number of introduced vertebrates in rivers and riparian / National Biodiversity Inventory ( Doadrio (2001), Pleguezuelos et al. (2002), Doadrio and Aldeguer (2007),Palomi, et al. (2007), Leunda (2010) / seventeenthcentury-2010 (for fish) / Nº
Coefficientof integrityzoogeographic forinland fish / Doadrio and Aldeguer (2007) / 1995 // 2007 / Nº
Number of introduced aquatic invertebrates / Doadrio and Aldeguer (2007) / - / Nº
Introduced riparian and aquatic plants / Doadrio and Aldeguer (2007), González del Tánago et al. (2006) / - / Nº
Economic cost ofinvasivespecies eradication / Cifiuentes, (2008) (
Andreu et al. (2009), Vilá et al. (2009) / - / €
CULTURAL SERVICES
Ecosystem services / Sub-category / Indicator/index / Data source / Years assessed / Data Units
Scientific knowledge / Numbers of references on “ecosystem services”, “Spain” and “water” in ISI web knowledge / ISI web knowledge / 1992-2010 / Nº
Scientific articles published in Limnetica (Journal of the Limnology Iberian Society) / / 1984-2009 / Nº
Number of Congress relating to water / / 2003-2010 / Nº
Number or Courses relating to water / / 2003-2010 / Nº
PhD theses relating to water and aquatic ecosystems / / 1991-2008 / Nº
Number ofpublic and private organizationsthat developresearch on water / / - / Nº
Projects about Research + Development on water and aquatic ecosystems / / 2005-2010 / Nº
Local ecological knowledge / Traditional hydraulicsystems / Cressier, (1995), Pérez Picazo (1995), Varios autores (2008), / - / unitless
Occupationslinked toriversand riparian / Fernández, (1995), Rabal (2008),
/ - / unitless
Riversand riparianplantsused ingastronomy / Verde et al.(1998), Fajardo et al. ( 2000), Rivera et al. (2006) / - / unitless
Riversand riparianplantsused in construction,basketryand tools / Verde et al.(1998), Fajardo et al. ( 2000) / - / unitless
Riversand riparianplantsused inother productive activitiesand recreational / Fernández (1995), González (1995), Verde et al.(1998), Fajardo et al. (2000), Andreu et al. (2001) / - / unitless
Cultural identity andsense of belonging / Average age of human population / Spanish National Institute of Statistics ( / 1998-2010 / Age groups human population
Linguistic richness: words related towater use / Gil Olcina (2006), Pérez Picazo (1995), / - / unitless
Proverbs, sayingsand riddles / / - / Nº
Folklore: festivals and dancesrelated to water / Cantero (1995), Caro (2008)
/ - / unitless
Legal andsocialorganizations / / - / unitless
Spiritual and religious values / Rites andbeliefs relatedto water / Fernández (1995), Verde et al. (1997, 1998), Caro (2008) / - / unitless
Religious placesrelated toriversand riparian: LasRomerías / / - / Nº
Proverbsof the water andreligious cult / / - / unitless
Catastrophic eventsandreligious cult / / - / unitless
Landscape-aesthetic values / Scenic rivers / MMA, 2008 / - / Nº y km
Number ofvisitorsto National Parksincludingrivers / Spanish National Institute of Statistics ( / 1989-2010 / Nº
Lengthofriveralteredby dams / Martínez Fernández and Esteve Selma ( 2009), Varios Autores (2003) / - / Km
Lengthof riparian affectedbychangeof use / Martínez Fernández and Esteve Selma ( 2009), Varios Autores (2003) / - / km
Recreation and ecotourism / Riverfishing preserves / IFN3( / 2007 / Nº y km
QualitySpanishriver watersfor fishing / Red ICA ; / 1999-2004 / unitless
Numberriver fishinglicenses / Anuarios ICONA, Spanish National Institute of Statistics ( Forest statistics ( / 1958-2007 / Nº
Numberriver beaches / / 1990-2009 / Nº
Water qualityof the river beaches / / 1990-2009 / unitless
Hot mineral spring water and users /
/ 2002-2006 / Nº
Watersports / / - / unitless
Environmental education / Environmental Education Programson waterand aquatic ecosystems / / - / unitless
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