University Campus Barnsley
Referencing Using Barnsley-Harvard
This guide shows you how to reference using the Harvard referencing system, as specified by Barnsley College: Barnsley-Harvard.
It covers the key types of information sources you use in academic study. It shows both how to cite a source in the body of your work, and the details to put in your reference list at the end.
Barnsley-Harvard referencing style is supported by the RefME referencing generator www.RefME.com. You can use this to help you put together reference details for commonly used types of information sources such as books, journals and websites. Always check for youself the references it generates against the specifications given in this guide.
For further help on academic writing and referencing see Barnsley College Study Skills site. Here you can find contact details to book a 1-to-1 appointment for personal assistance.
Referencing using Barnsley-Harvard
When you include information from published sources in your work, you must acknowledge your source fully and accurately by:
Identifying your source, in a brief format, in the body of your written work (referred to as an in-text or inline citation).
Providing a detailed list in alphabetic order of your sources at the end of your work (known as a reference list).
There are a number of formats that can be used to help you reference correctly and consistently in academic work. Barnsley College uses Harvard (Name - Date) referencing, as described in this booklet. Some courses may use slightly different versions of Harvard, or a different referencing system altogether, for example, APA (American Psychological Association). Check with your academic tutor which referencing system your course requires you to use.
Why reference?
To show that you have done some research and have found relevant
information.
To support any claims you have made through reference to an
authoritative author on the subject.
To enable readers to trace the sources you used and draw their own conclusions from the original works which you have cited.
To avoid being accused of plagiarism. Plagiarism is using someone else's work as your own without acknowledging it. If you do not acknowledge your sources you are guilty of academic misconduct and may incur serious penalties.
When do you need to reference?
You must acknowledge your source with a reference whenever you:
Mention a theory, fact, argument or viewpoint attributable to a specific person or organisation.
Use statistics, illustrations, musical examples etc. from another
source.
It makes no difference whether you are directly quoting another
source or paraphrasing the ideas, both require referencing.
Sometimes you may want to refer to a source described or quoted in another author’s work. If you have read about someone’s work in another source, acknowledge the original source in your text along with a citation to the source you have actually read. ONLY include details of the source you have read in your reference list. This is called secondary referencing.
Quotation v paraphrase – what’s the difference?
A quotation is the direct transcription into your work of the exact words from the original text. Short quotations which appear naturally within the flow of your work should be made obvious by enclosing them in quotation marks and giving a citation. Page numbers must be included for quotations, for example:
It is argued that “references are items you have read and specifically referred to (or cited) in your assignment” (Neville, 2007, p.24).
Longer quotations (more than one sentence in length) should be introduced by a colon: and indented, typed with single spacing but without quotation marks. Remember the citation and page number, for example:
Silvestri emphasises the resistance towards community policing:
The resistance towards community policing is also borne out in the British case. It has been widely noted that community policing initiatives have had to contend with subversion and opposition by the lower ranks in particular (Silvestri, 2003, p.37).
To paraphrase is to rewrite the original text in your own words.
Quotation marks are not used, but there should still be a citation to show that the ideas are not original. When using ideas from a specific part of a longer work, it is helpful to include page numbers.
Remember:
Record all the details of the material you use at the time you are using it. It may be difficult to remember the details or find the item later on.
Be precise in recording page numbers for quotations or if using ideas from a specific part of a longer work.
Use p. for single page or pp. for several pages.
If your source does not have page numbers, use whatever information is available to specify location within the work.
Quotations should be used sparingly. It is best to put the text into your own words to show your own understanding of the ideas.
More than one reference to support your argument?
If you are using more than one reference to support your discussion, list them in your text in chronological order, citing the earliest item first, for example:
Smith (2007), Brown (2008) and Jones (2009) all suggest...
It has been suggested (Smith, 2007; Brown, 2008; Jones, 2009)…
What if there is no date?
Use (n.d.) in place of the year.
What is the difference between a reference list and a bibliography?
A reference list only refers to sources cited within the body of your work. A bibliography is a list of all sources you have consulted, regardless of whether you have cited them or not.
Also, some lecturers may ask you to produce an annotated bibliography or reference list. This simply means that after each source listed, you write a couple of sentences that appraise the usefulness of the source in relation to the topic you are discussing.
IN-TEXT EXAMPLE / REFERENCE LIST EXAMPLEBOOKS
Reference to author in text, give year of publication in brackets after their name.
No reference to author in text, include author surname, date in brackets.
Page numbers must be included for direct quotations. / BOOKS
· Author(s) in format Surname, Initial(s)
· (Year of publication)
· Title in italics: Subtitle.
· Edition (if not 1st ed.)
· Place of publication: NOTE: if more than one place given, use the most local
· Publisher.
Books – one author
According to Jarvis (2010), when adults return to education... / Jarvis, P. (2010) Adult education and lifelong learning: Theory and practice. 4th ed. London: Routledge.
Books – two authors
It is recommended when searching a database that truncation symbols are used (Knight and Ruddock, 2008, pp.15-17). / Knight, A. and Ruddock, L. (2008) Advanced research methods in the built environment. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
Books – three or more authors
In their analysis, Collier et al. (2009)
recommend that...
It has been recommended (Collier et al., 2009)... / Collier, B.J., Bide, M.J. and Tortora, P.G. (2009) Understanding textiles. 7th ed. London: Pearson Prentice-Hall.
NOTE: All authors should be named in the reference list.
Edited books
The media can be harsh in their judgements against the police (Leishman and Mason, 2003). / Leishman, F. and Mason, P. (eds.) (2003) Policing and the media. Portland: Willan.
IN-TEXT EXAMPLE / REFERENCE LIST EXAMPLE
In-text citations follow the same format as a printed book.
…is one important design skill to master
(Sherwin, 2012, section 5: Lick it good). / Sherwin, D. (2012) Creative workshop: 80 challenges to sharpen your design skills [Kindle]. HOW Books. Available at: Amazon http://www.amazon.co.uk [Downloaded 20 May 2012].
Books written in another language
Semprun (2004) discusses… / Semprun, J. (2004) Veinte anos y un dia. Barcelona: Difusion.
Translated book
Reference to author in text, just give year of publication in brackets after their name.
No reference to author in text, include author surname, date in brackets.
Page numbers must be included for direct quotations. / · Author
· (Year)
· Title in italics.
· Translated by translator’s name (NOTE unlike authors and editors, translator’s name is written with surname last).
· Place: Publisher.
Beauvoir (1953) asserts that ... / Beauvoir, S. de (1953) The second
sex. Translated by H.M. Parshley. London: Vintage.
Referencing items you have not read (secondary referencing).
Include both the original piece of work and the secondary source in the body of your work. / In your reference list, ONLY give details for the book you have actually read.
Anderson and Gross, cited in Polit and Beck (2008, p.142) illustrate how… / Polit, D.F. and Beck, C.T. (2008) Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice. London: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins.
IN-TEXT EXAMPLE / REFERENCE LIST EXAMPLE
Reference books
In some cases for reference books such as dictionaries there are no obvious authors or editors. If you can’t identify an author or editor, cite using the book title instead.
NOTE: When using the title in your in-
text citation, title comes first in your
reference list, placed in alphabetic
order of the first significant word (NOT
The, A etc.) along with authors. / Reference books
· Author(s) or editor(s) (ed./eds.) (if available)
· (Year)
· Title in italics: Subtitle.
· Edition (if not 1st ed.)
· Place: Publisher.
If accessed online, add:
· Available at: URL
· [Accessed date].
If there is no obvious author, use title:
· Title in italics: Subtitle
· (Year).
· Edition (if not 1st ed.)
· Place: Publisher.
According to the definition (Oxford
paperback thesaurus, 2008, p.21)… / Oxford paperback thesaurus (2008). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
ARTICLES
Printed academic JOURNAL articles
Reference to author in text, just give year of publication in brackets after their name.
No reference to author in text, include author surname, date in brackets.
Page numbers must be included for direct quotations. / Printed academic JOURNAL articles
· Author(s) in format Surname, Initial(s)
· (Year of publication)
· ‘Article title in inverted commas: Subtitle’.
· Name of Journal in Italics and Capitals.
· Volume
· (Issue or part number),
· p./pp. page number(s) of article.
Fashion is an important part of image
(Twigg, 2010). /
IN-TEXT EXAMPLE / REFERENCE LIST EXAMPLE
E-journal articles
Reference to author in text, just give year of publication in brackets after their name.
No reference to author in text, include author surname, date in brackets.
Page numbers must be included for direct quotations.
/ E-journal articles
If the e-journal exactly replicates an article in print, you can treat it as a print article. This will generally be the case for articles you access in databases with a username and password.
If you want to add e-details, add:
· Available at: Name of database and/or homepage URL e.g. SPORTDiscus http://web.ebscohost.com
OR article DOI e.g.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jal.2003.11.002
OR if accessed in a free web journal article URL
· [Accessed date].
Journal articles – electronic from a database
McMahon (2010) states that sex discrimination is still rife in the workplace… / McMahon, N. (2010) ‘Sex discrimination in the workplace’. Caterer and Hotelkeeper. 200(4647), p.52. Available at: SPORTDiscus
http://web.ebscohost.com/ [Accessed 21
January 2010].
NOTE: Online access details optional.
Journal articles freely available from the web
It has been acknowledged (Barnard et al.,
2010) that… / Barnard, S., Powell, A., Bagihole, B. and Dainty, A. (2010) ‘Researching UJ women professionals in SET: A critical review of current approaches’. International Journal of Gender, Science and Technology. 2(3).
Available at: http://genderandset.open.
ac.uk/index.php/genderandset/article/view/65 [Accessed 19 January 2011].
IN-TEXT EXAMPLE / REFERENCE LIST EXAMPLE
NEWSPAPERS
Reference to author in text, just give year of publication in brackets after their name.
No reference to author in text, include author surname, date in brackets.
If no author, use title of article.
Page numbers must be included for direct quotations. / NEWSPAPERS
· Author(s) in format Surname, Initial(s)
· (Year of publication)
· ‘Article title in inverted commas’.
· Name of Newspaper in Italics and Capitals.
· Day and month published,
· p./pp. page number(s) (if available).
For newspaper articles accessed via a subscription database,
give availability information as you would for an e-journal, for
example: Available at: Consumer Health Complete [Accessed 2
March 2016].
Newspapers - paper copy
The future will see many changes in funding for higher education (Vasagar, 2011). / Vasagar, J. (2011) ‘Students get less tuition as cash dwindles’. The Observer. 13 February, p.23.
Online newspaper article freely available on the web
A top scientist asserts that GM crops could feed the world (Linden, 2011). / Linden, M. (2011) ‘GM crops could feed the world says top scientist’. The Independent. 24 January. Available at: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/scienc e/gm-crops-could-feed.the-world-says-top- scientist-2192790.html [Accessed 24 January 2011].
Articles appear in a wide variety of serial publications.
Different publications use different ways to identify issues,
for example:
A journal published quarterly may use the season.
A magazine published monthly may use month.
Other magazines may use issue number.
Use whatever information is provided by the publication.
IN-TEXT EXAMPLE / REFERENCE LIST EXAMPLE
Print MAGAZINE articles
Tubb (2016) suggests…
Texturing is important to images (Ward, 2013)… / Tubb, J. (2016) ‘A responsible challenge’. Early Years Educator. February, pp.21-23.
Ward, A. (2013) ‘Master the full texturing process’. 3D World. 173, pp.68-73.
MAGAZINE articles from free websites
Plevin (2016) lists five ways… / Plevin, R. (2016) 'Five ways to silence a noisy class'. Times Educational Supplement. 2 March. Available at: https://www.tes.com/us/news/breaking-views/five-ways-silence-a-noisy-class [Accessed 12 March 2016].
WEBPAGES
Reference to author in text, just give year of publication in brackets after their name.
No reference to author in text, include author surname, date in brackets.
If the website is published by an organisation, use the organisation as the author. / WEBPAGES
· Author(s) in format Surname, Initial(s)
· (Year) (if no obvious date then use n.d.)
· Title of website in italics
· [medium] (e.g. podcast, blogpost if relevant).
· Available at: URL
· [Accessed date].
Webpage with author
Atherton (2005) makes the point that…
A review of ANCIL (Secker, 2014) concludes… / Atherton, J.S. (2005) Learning and Teaching: Cognitive theories of learning. Available at: http://www.learningandteaching.info/learni ng/cognitive.htm [Accessed 1 March 2011].
Secker, J. (2014) ANCIL in practice: A road less travelled [blogpost]. Available at: https://newcurriculum.wordpress.com/2014/02/03/ancil-in-practice-the-road-less-travelled/ [Accessed 6 March 2016].
Webpage with organisation as author
Libraries need to respond to the needs of their users and understand new ways of finding information (JISC, 2008).
The introduction to the Library and Computing Centre (University of Huddersfield, 2008) emphasises… / JISC (2008) Google Generation is a myth. Available at: www.jisc.ac.uk/news/stories/2008/01/googl egen.aspx [Accessed 23 February 2010].
University of Huddersfield (2008) Welcome to the Library and Computing Centre [podcast]. Available at: http://www2.hud.ac.uk/cls/thebasics/huddersfield.findway.php [Accessed 3 March 2011].
Online VIDEO from YouTube etc.
Reference to organisation or author in text, just give year of publication in brackets after the name.
No reference to organisation or author in text, include author surname, date in brackets. / · Organisation or author responsible
· (Year)
· Title in italics
· [video].
· Available at: URL
· [Accessed date].
Owl cafes are popular in Japan (Abroadin Japan, 2016)…
Crynight (2016) in this video… / Abroadin Japan (2016) Visiting an owl café in Japan [video]. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NnrAISE 6x08 [Accessed 3 March 2016].
Crynight, T. (2016) Five nights at Freddy's (part 11) - Readier Freddy [video]. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cD1dEM3Tits [Accessed 10 March 2016].
Other types of resources you may want to reference