Literary Devices Workbook
Mr. Thomas, AP Language
Fall Semester
Device #1
Hyperbole = Exaggeration
Exercise 1
Write a statement using hyperbole about the following topics; consider the best and worst thing you could say about the topic, then exaggerate your statement. The first one has been done for you as an example.
1. My neighborhood
Statement: My neighborhood is so boring that when a cat walks across the street, itdraws a crowd.
2. School in General
Statement:
3. A friend’s athletic ability
Statement:
4. The weather
Statement:
5. Your favorite or least favorite team
Statement:
6. A television show
Statement:
7. A musical group
Statement:
Device #2
Understatement (Litotes) - Using words less severe than purpose requires
Exercise 1
Write 5 satiric comments that include understatement by completing the following sentences. The first one has been done for you as an example.
1. Our school spirit is, shall we say, less than overwhelmingly enthusiastic.
2. The meal was
3. Our team
4. That television show was
5. The band is
6. As a performer
Device #2 - Understatement
Exercise 2
The following passage comes from Jonathan Swift’s essay “A Modest Proposal.” This essay uses a number of devices to satirize the apparent English indifference to the poverty-stricken condition of their Irish subjects. Consider the essay’s title and the outrageous solution he proposes. In the following paragraphs, identify how Swift uses understatement to advance his point. Is his understatement effective here? Why or why not?
It is a melancholy object to those who walk through this great town ortravel in the
country, when they see the streets, the roads, and cabin doors,crowded with beggars of the female sex, followed by three, four, or six children,all in rags and importuning every passenger for an alms….
The number of souls in this kingdom being usually reckoned one million
and a half, of these I calculate there may be about two hundred thousand couple whose wives are breeders; from which number I subtract thirty thousand couple, who are able to maintain their own children, (although I apprehend there cannot be so many, under the present distresses of the kingdom) but this being granted, there will remain an hundred and seventy thousand breeders. I again subtract fifty thousand, for those women who miscarry, or whose children die by accident or disease within the year. There only remain an hundred and twenty thousand children of poor parents annually born. The question therefore is, How this number shall be reared, and provided for? Which, as I have already said, under the present situation of affairs, is utterly impossible by all the methods hitherto proposed. For we can neither employ them in handicraft or agriculture; we neither build houses, (I mean in the country) nor cultivate land: they can very seldom pick up a livelihood by stealing till they arrive at six years old; except where they are of towards parts, although I confess they learn the rudiments much earlier; during which time they can however be properly looked upon only as probationers: As I have been informed by a principal gentleman in the county of Cavan, who protested to me, that he never knew above one or two instances under the age of six, even in a part of the kingdom so renowned for the quickest proficiency in the art….
I shall now therefore humbly propose my own thoughts, which I hope will
not be liable to the least objection.
I have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in
London, that a young healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious,
nourishing, and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked, or boiled; and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a fricassee or a ragout…..
Device #3-Litotes
Exercise 1
Write 5 original statements that use litotes to emphasize a point or startle a reader into paying attention. The first one has been done for you as an example.
1. The former CEO’s lifestyle was not shabby, which may explain why the companywent bankrupt.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Device #3-Litotes
Exercise 2
In your own words, rewrite each of the following examples of litotes as straight declarative statements. Try to keep the style of the original.
- “…I will multiply them, and they shall not be few; I will make them honored, and theyshall not be small.” (Jeremiah 30:19 RSV)
- “That (sword) was not useless / to the warrior now.” (Beowulf)
- “It isn’t very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain.” (The Catcher in theRye)
- “For life’s not a paragraph/And death I think is no parenthesis” (e e cummings)
Device #4
Antithesis – an opposing idea
Exercise 1
Write 5 original statements that use antithesis to emphasize a point or startle a reader into paying attention. The first one has been done for you as an example.
1. The villain lives by his wits, not by his labor.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Device #4
Antithesis
Exercise 2
For each famous quote, underline the specific words and phrases that are being contrasted by antithesis.
- “We are caught in war, wanting peace. We are torn by division, wanting unity.” -Richard Nixon
- “If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.” -John F. Kennedy
- Marc Antony: “I came to bury Caesar, not to praise him.”-Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
- “I pass with relief from the tossing sea of Cause and Theory to the firm ground of Result and Fact.” -Winston Churchill
- “Extremism in defense of liberty is no vice, moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue.” - Barry Goldwater
- Brutus: “Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more.” - Shakespeare (Julius Caesar)
- “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness….” -Charles Dickens (A Tale of Two Cities)
- “Too black for heaven, and yet too white for hell.” -John Dryden (The Hind and the Panther)
- “To err is human, to forgive, divine.” -Alexander Pope (An Essay on Criticism)
- “Fair is foul, and foul is fair.” -Shakespeare (Macbeth)
Device #5
Hypophora – Asking a question, then answering it.
Exercise 1
The following passages are from “Letter from Birmingham Jail,” written by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. There are very few question marks in the paragraphs, yet Dr. King has effectively used hypophora through implied questions and answers.
Read this excerpt and underline all instances of hypophora.
While confined here in the Birmingham city jail, I came across your recent statement calling my present activities “unwise and untimely.” Seldom do I pause to answer criticism of my work and ideas. If I sought to answer all the criticisms that cross my desk, my secretaries would have little time for anything other than such correspondences in the course of the day, and I would have not time for constructive work. But since I feel that you are men of genuine good will and that your criticisms are sincerely set forth, I want to try to answer your statements in what I hope will be patient and reasonable terms. I think I should indicate why I am here in Birmingham, since you have been influenced by the view which argues against “outsiders coming in.” I have the honor of serving as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization operating in every southern state, with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia. We have some eighty-five affiliated organizations across the South, and one of them is the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights. Frequently we share staff, educational and financial resources with our affiliates. Several months ago the affiliate here in Birmingham asked us to be on call to engage in a nonviolent direct-action program if such were deemed necessary. We readily consented, and when the hour came we lived up to our promise. So I, along with several members of my staff, am here because I was invited here I am here because I have organizational ties here. But more basically, I am in Birmingham because injustice is here. Just as the prophets of the eighth century B.C. left their villages and carried their “thus saith the Lord” far beyond the boundaries of their home towns, and just as the Apostle Paul left his village of Tarsus and carried the gospel of Jesus Christ to the far corners of the Greco-Roman world, so am I compelled to carry the gospel of freedom beyond my own home town. Like Paul, I must constantly respond to the Macedonian call for aid….You deplore the demonstrations taking place in Birmingham. But your statement, I am sorry to say, fails to express a similar concern for the conditions that brought about the demonstrations. I am sure that none of you would want to rest content with the superficial kind of social analysis that deals merely with effects and does not grapple with underlying causes It is unfortunate that demonstrations are taking place in Birmingham, but it is even more unfortunate that the city’s white power structure left the Negro community with no alternative…. You may well ask: “Why direct action? Why sit-ins, marches and so forth? Isn’t negotiation a better path?” You are quite right in calling, for negotiation. Indeed, this is the very purpose of direct action. Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster such a tension that a community which has constantly refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue. It seeks so to dramatize the issue that is can no longer be ignored.
Device #5
Hypophora
Exercise 2
For each of the following questions, write an answer that could be used to complete the hypophora. The first one has been done for you as an example.
- Why should you vote in the next election? Your future may depend on who is elected.
- What are “American values?”
- What must we do to get good government?
- Why should we cut taxes?
- Why is it better to love than be loved?
- So you ask, “How are humans really that different from other animals?”
Device #6
Rhetorical Question – a question asked that does not require an answer (it’s obvious, or intended to be considered)
Exercise 1
Write 5 original rhetorical questions to help your readers arrive at—and agree with—the point to which you have been leading them. The first one has been done for you as an example.
1. Why should we not protest the selling of our natural resources to the highest bidder?
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Device #7
Procatalepsis – Presenting an arguments objections (doesn’t ask – it tells the objections)
Exercise 1
Find an editorial in your local newspaper about a topic that interests you. Write a brief essay in response to that editorial, and use at least 3 examples of procatalepsis in your writing.
Device #7–
Procatalepsis
Exercise 2
Write 5 original statements using procatalepsis to support and emphasize your point. The first one has been done for you as an example.
1. Some people, even in this era of modern thought, believe that UFOs are visiting ourplanet every day,
but without tangible evidence, mere belief is not proof.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Device #8
Distinctio- Elaborating on a word so there is no misunderstanding
Exercise 1
Write an original statement for each of the following abstract or ambiguous words using distinction to clarify the meaning. The first one has been done for you as an example.
Example:
worthwhile: That book was tremendously worthwhile; it taught me all I needed to know about Russia.
- colorful:
- deep:
- work:
- standard:
- bright:
- crazy:
- smart:
- common:
- right:
Device #8-Distinctio
Exercise 2
Utilizing various reading materials, such as newspapers, magazines, novels and blogs, identify and list 5 examples of effective distinction. Then identify and list 5 examples of ineffective or unnecessary distinctio. Provide an explanation for each answer. The first one has been done for you as an example.
Effective
Example:
- Effective Dinstinctio: Before we can agree on who is the best shortstop we have toagree on what “best” encompasses; are we talking fielding or hitting – if hitting, arewe talking batting average or RBI’s?
- Explanation: The use of distinction is effective because the term “best” is too vague aterm and different persons with different understandings of the term might not everfind a common ground.
2. Effective Distinctio:
Explanation:
3. Effective Distinctio:
Explanation:
4. Effective Distinctio:
Explanation:
Ineffective
Example:
- Ineffective Distinctio: The red convertible – red the color of an apple, not the red of atraffic light – was sold.
- Explanation: This use of distinction is ineffective because distinguishing between thetwo shades of red adds nothing to the sentence.
2. Ineffective Distinctio:
Explanation:
3. Ineffective Distinctio:
Explanation:
4. Ineffective Distinctio:
Explanation:
5. Ineffective Distinctio:
Explanation:
6. Ineffective Distinctio:
Explanation:
Device #9
Simile – Comparing two things using like, as, or than (this create a similarity, not equality)
Exercise 1
The simile appears frequently in poetry, but is common in all types of writing, both formal and informal. Using any type of writing you encounter, identify and lsit examples of simile usage. Then, explain your interpretation of the writer’s intent. The first one has been done for you as an example.
Example:
Simile: “It’s a sad, sad state of affairs when Liberals campaign like Republicans toget elected, and Republicans govern like Liberals to be loved.”
Source: Texas Governor Rick Perry
Interpretation: Members of both political parties have compromised on partyprinciples for the sake of their political careers.
1. Simile:
Source:
Interpretation:
2. Simile:
Source:
Interpretation:
3. Simile:
Source:
Interpretation:
4. Simile:
Source:
Interpretation:
Device #9 Simile
Exercise 2
Create 5 sentences with similes linking the two parts with the word “so,” as we did in example #2. The first one has been done for you as an example.
1. “Sugar is sweet, and so are you.”
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Device #9 -Simile
Exercise 3
Using the word “as,” create 5 sentences as we did in example #3. The first one has been done for you as an example.
1. “Your words slice my heart as diamonds cut glass.”
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Device #9 - Simile
Exercise 4
Follow the directions for each of the following scenarios. Use at least 1 similes for each answer, and underline them. The first one has been done for you as an example.
1. Imagine you are on the beach during a tropical storm. Describe the movement of thewaves as they come ashore.
The waves pound the shore like furious horses galloping into battle.
2. Think of your favorite meal. Describe the appearance, taste, texture, and/or smell ofthe dish in at least three sentences.
3. Think of a time that you won something – a game, a prize, a bet, etc. – and try toremember how you felt. Now describe your feelings in one sentence.
4. Imagine you are visiting a farm. Think of the animals, crops, and other items thatmight surround you. Describe your vision of the farm in four sentences.
5. Who is your best friend? Think of the qualities that make him or her special, anddescribe them in at least two sentences.
Device #9 - Simile
Exercise 5
Write 6 original similes. Remember that the simile is not only a way to clarify an idea and imply a value or quality that is difficult to express, but it is also a way to surprise and delight your reader. For 3 of them, you may take a cliché and state it in a different way similar to, “Innocent as a newborn baby.” The first one has been done for you as an example.
1. As angry as a bear in a trap, the patient glowered at the committee of doctors.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Device #9–Simile
Exercise 6
Write 2 similes for each of the following topics. The first one has been done for you as an example.
1. a chain-link fence
A. The chain-link fence enclosed the playground like a giant net for children.
B.
2. the cries of an infant
A.
B.
3. a tennis ball
A.
B.
4. a credit card
A.
B.
5. ice cream
A.
B.
Device #9-Simile
Exercise 7
For each group of sentences, identify the letter of the one that is not a simile. In addition, some are different rhetorical devices. If so, identify these. The first one has been done for you as an example.
1.
A. The horse galloped a million miles an hour.
B. The horse galloped as swift as a jet plane flies.
C. The horse galloped like a Kentucky Derby winner.
A. THIS IS A USE OF HYPERBOLE
2.
A. The waves rolled to shore like a slinky – back and forth, back and forth.
B. Ocean water tastes like salt.
C. We rode the waves as the day went on.
3.
A. This computer is as useless as a headless hammer.
B. Our computer is not less than two years old.
C. That computer functions no better than a typewriter.
4.
A. Her hair, as golden as the sun, blew into her face.
B. Her hair was a tangled as a rat’s nest.
C. Her hair, a dirty mop, covered her eyes.
Device #10
Metaphor – state two unlike objects are the same (creates equality)
Exercise 1
For each of the following nouns, write two different metaphors. One metaphor should have a positive connotation while the other should have a negative connotation. Underline the metaphor. An example has been provided for you.
Example:
Word: snake
Positive: The road, which snaked into and around the mountains, was a beautiful drive.
Negative: She is a snake – sneaky, untrustworthy, and vindictive.
1. Word: light
Positive:
Negative:
2. Word: bridge
Positive:
Negative:
3. Word: cloud
Positive:
Negative:
4. Word:
Positive:
Negative:
5. Word: eye
Positive:
Negative:
Device #10-Metaphor
Exercise 2
Here is a list of 10 concepts, moods, or attitudes. Draw from your own background and experience, and develop a metaphor for each word. The first one has been done for you as an example.
1. realization: The sun rose in the back of his mind.
2. solitude:
3. sincerity: