ХТФ 4 курс 7 семестр 2010 / / Вариант 1
LISTENING
Text 1
Listen to adiscussion about the early days of a number of scientists You will hear it twice. As you listen for the first time, answer questions A1-A3. As you listen for the second time, answer questions A4-A8.
For questions A1-A3, choose the correct answer (1, 2, 3 or 4). Mark it on the answer sheet. You have 30 seconds to read questions A1-A3.
A1 / Why did James Lovelock start his career?1. / Because of the way he was brought up
2. / Taking a risk
3. / Willing to avoid family traditions
4. / Because his teacher told him
A2 / Why did Richard Feynman start his career?
1. / Learning from one's environment, whatever it is
2. / Taking a risk
3. / Willing to avoid family traditions
4. / Seizing an opportunity
A3 / Why did Leroy Hood start his career?
1. / Willing to avoid family traditions
2. / Being flexible and realistic
3. / Because he always dreamt about it
4. / Because he was interested in biology
For questions A4-A8, choose the correct answer (1, 2, 3 or 4). Mark it on the answer sheet. You have 40 seconds to read questions A4-A8.
A4 / What did James Lovelock invent?1. / wires
2. / batteries
3. / the electron capture detector
4. / plants
A5 / How many birds did Jared Diamond identify without seeing them?
1. / 17
2. / 75
3. / 5
4. / 7
A6 / Why was the mind of Feynman pictorial?
1. / He drew a picture of what had happened
2. / He did not draw a picture of what had happened
3. / He liked landscapes
4. / He’d have a physical picture of the ways things happen.
A7 / What is the career for John Cairns?
1. / clinical pathology
2. / viruses
3. / molecular biology
4. / medicine
A8 / What did the father of Murray Gell-Mann advise him to choose?
1. / linguistics
2. / engineering
3. / archaelogy
4. / physics
Text 2
Listen to the monologue. You will hear it twice. As you listen for the first time, answer questions A9-A11. As you listen for the second time, answer questions B1-B4.
For questions A9-A11, choose the correct answer (1, 2, 3 or 4). Mark it on the answer sheet. You have 30 seconds to read questions A9-A11.
A9 / What is the first step in brewing?1. / steeping the grain in water
2. / malting
3. / germination
4. / kilning
A10 / What does the style of beer determines?
1. / The types of hops used and the length of time
2. / Flavor
3. / Bitterness
4. / Sweetness
A11 / What temperatures does Saccharomyces cerevisiae prefer?
1. / 3° to 10° C
2. / 60° to 22° C
3. / 16° to 22° C
4. / 38° to 50° F
For questions B1-B4, complete the gaps according to what you hear. You can use 1-3 words or a number or a combination of a number and words. Write your answers on the answer sheet. You have 30 seconds to read the questions.
This process, called (B1)______, breaks down the complex sugars in the grain and releases them in the water.
Many large American (B2)______ add corn and rice that has first been cooked to a gel-like consistency.
The beer is transferred to an airtight container, called a conditioning tank, for a second fermentation or (B3)______, where the beer becomes naturally carbonated.
Some brewers and beer drinkers believe that filtering and (B4)______ robs it of much of its original flavor and character.
READING
Text 1
Read text 1 and answer questions A12-A19.
For questions A12-A15, decide which of the headings (1-5) best summarizes each part (A-D) of the text. Mark your answers on the answer sheet. There is one extra heading that you do not need to use.
1. / Early biotechnology use in farming2. / Biotechnology saves natural recourses
3. / Essence of biotechnology for modern food industry
4. / Military profit of biotechnology
5. / Influence of biotechnology on medicine and industry
1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
A12 / Part A
A13 / Part B
A14 / Part C
A15 / Part D
A
The most practical use of biotechnology, which is still present today, is the cultivation of plants to produce food suitable to humans. Agriculture has been theorized to have become the dominant way of producing food since the Neolithic Revolution. The processes and methods of agriculture have been refined by other mechanical and biological sciences since its beginning. Through early biotechnology, farmers were able to select the best suited and highest-yield crops to produce enough food to support a growing population. Throughout the use of agriculture, farmers have inadvertently altered the genetics of their crops through introducing them to new environments and breeding them with other plants--one of the first forms of biotechnology. Cultures such as those in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Pakistan developed the process of brewingbeer. Later other cultures produced the process of Lactic acid fermentation which allowed the fermentation and preservation of other forms of food.
BCombinations of plants and other organisms were used as medications in many early civilizations. Since as early as 200 BC, people began to use minute amounts of infectious agents to immunize themselves against infections. These and similar processes have been improved in modern medicine and have led to many developments such as antibiotics, vaccines, and other methods of fighting sickness. Revenue in the industry is expected to grow by 12.9% in 2008. Another factor influencing the biotechnology sector's success is improved intellectual property rights legislation -- and enforcement -- worldwide, as well as strengthened demand for medical and pharmaceutical products to cope with an ageing, and ailing, U.S. population.
CIn the early twentieth century scientists gained a greater understanding of microbiology and explored ways of manufacturing specific products. In 1917, Chaim Weizmann first used a pure microbiological culture in an industrial process to produce acetone, which the United Kingdom desperately needed to manufacture explosives during World War I.
DRising demand for biological fuels (biofuels) is expected to be good news for the biotechnology sector, with the Department of Energy estimating ethanol usage could reduce U.S. petroleum-derived fuel consumption by up to 30% by 2030. The biotechnology sector has allowed the U.S. farming industry to rapidly increase its supply of corn and soybeans -- the main inputs into biofuels -- by developing genetically-modified seeds which are resistant to pests and drought. Biotechnology plays a crucial role in ensuring that biofuel production targets are met.
For questions A16-A19, decide whether the statement agrees with the text. Mark on the answer sheet:
1, if the statement agrees with the text;
2, if the statement contradicts the text;
3, if there is no information about this in the text.
1 / 2 / 3A16 / Agricultural techniques and processes have been improved since its inception.
A17 / Plant medications helped early civilizations easily treat sicknesses.
A18 / Genetically-modified seeds of corn and soybeans have been developed for pests and drought resistance.
A19 / Early biotechnology helped to provide enough food for increasing population.
Text 2
Read text 2 and answer questions A20-A26.
For questions A20-A26, choose the correct answer (1, 2, 3, or 4).Mark it on your answer sheet.
Enzymes are biomolecules that catalyze (i.e.increase the rates of) chemical reactions. Almost all enzymes are proteins. In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process are called substrates, and the enzyme converts them into different molecules, the products. Almost all processes in a biological cell need enzymes to occur at significant rates. Since enzymes are selective for their substrates and speed up only a few reactions from among many possibilities, the set of enzymes made in a cell determines which metabolic pathways occur in that cell.
Like all catalysts, enzymes work by lowering the activation energy for a reaction, thus dramatically increasing the rate of the reaction. Most enzyme reaction rates are millions of times faster than those of comparable un-catalyzed reactions. As with all catalysts, enzymes are not consumed by the reactions they catalyze, nor do they alter the equilibrium of these reactions. However, enzymes do differ from most other catalysts by being much more specific. Enzymes are known to catalyze about 4,000 biochemical reactions. A few RNA molecules called ribozymes catalyze reactions, with an important example being some parts of the ribosome. Synthetic molecules called artificial enzymes also display enzyme-like catalysis.
Enzyme activity can be affected by other molecules. Inhibitors are molecules that decrease enzyme activity; activators are molecules that increase activity. Many drugs and poisons are enzyme inhibitors. Activity is also affected by temperature, chemical environment (e.g. pH), and the concentration of substrate. Some enzymes are used commercially, for example, in the synthesis of antibiotics. In addition, some household products use enzymes to speed up biochemical reactions (e.g., enzymes in biological washing powders break down protein or fat stains on clothes; enzymes in meat tenderizers break down proteins, making the meat easier to chew).
A20 / What happens to enzymes during the reaction they catalyze?1. / They are fully absorbed by the reaction.
2. / They change theequilibrium of this reaction.
3. / They are not absorbed by the reaction but change the equilibrium of this reaction.
4. / They are not absorbed by the reaction and don’t change the equilibrium of this reaction.
A21 / What affects enzyme activity?
1. / Only inhibitors and activators have influence on enzyme activity.
2. / Few drugs and poisons affect enzymes activity
3. / There are many factors that affect enzyme activity including temperature, Ph and etc.
4. / Concentration of substrate and chemical environment have major affect on enzyme activity.
A22 / What is the role of enzymes in chemical reactions?
1. / These biomolecules keep the rates of the reaction.
2. / These biomolecules help the reaction to take place at a significant rate.
3. / Enzymes reduce speed of the reaction.
4. / Enzymes take part in the reaction as inhibitors.
A23 / What are substrates?
1. / All molecules in the reaction are called substrates.
2. / In enzymatic reactions, substrates are called molecules at the beginning of the process that are not affected by enzymes.
3. / These are protein molecules.
4. / These are molecules which are converted into products by enzymes in enzymatic reactions.
A24 / The word “dramatically” (line9) means:
1. / Significantly
2. / Impressively
3. / Brightly
4. / Effectively
A25 / The word “display” (line 16) means:
1. / Boast
2. / Discover
3. / Expose
4. / Demonstrate
A26 / The word “occur” (line5) means:
1. / Take place
2. / Come across
3. / Happen
4. / Appear
GRAMMAR
For questions A27-A41, choosethe fragment (1, 2, 3 or 4) that best completes the gap.Mark it on your answer sheet.
А27 / Traditional biotechnological processes ___recently___ to rigorous scientific analysis and scrutiny.1. / subjected
2. / has been subjected
3. / have been subjected
4. / were subjected
А28 / The new revolution in biotechnology ______in the 1970-s and early 1980-s, when scientists had learnt to alter the genetic constitution of living organisms
1. / has began
2. / began
3. / begun
4. / was begun
А29 / Various developments of genetic engineering occurred in academic laboratories ______rapidly in industry now.
1. / are exploiting
2. / exploit
3. / are being exploited
4. / is exploited
А30 / New medical treatments and drugs based on biotechnology _____ with regularity.
1. / appear
2. / is appearing
3. / are appearing
4. / appears
А31 / Biotechnology ______to create exciting new opportunities for commercial development and profit in the future.
1. / continues
2. / is continuing
3. / continued
4. / continue
А32 / Biotechnologists working on the production of vaccines may be _____ even little quantity of output.
1. / satisfied by
2. / satisfied with
3. / satisfied
4. / satisfied at
А33 / Biotechnology is a technology in search ____ new applications and the main benefits lie in the future.
1. / of
2. / for
3. / with
4. / to
А34 / New biological processes will ____ low temperature, consuming little energy.
1. / function on
2. / function
3. / function at
4. / function with
А35 / Biotechnology can utilize techniques derived _____ from diverse technological sciences.
1. / to
2. / of
3. / from
4. / on
А36 / Countries with climatic conditions suitable for ______could well have major economic advantages over less climatically suitable parts of the world.
1. / rapid biomass production rate
2. / rapid production rate biomass
3. / rapid biomass rate production
4. / biomass production rapid rate
А37 / All ______have been improved by modern approaches in sciences.
1. / techniques biotechnology food manufacture
2. / biotechnology food manufacture techniques
3. / food biotechnology manufacture techniques
4. / biotechnology manufacture food techniques
А38 / Temperature and chemical environment have a great _____ the reaction rate.
1. / influence
2. / influence on
3. / influence for
4. / influence by
А39 / Inhibitors and activators _____ enzyme activity.
1. / influence on
2. / influence at
3. / influence to
4. / influence
А40 / Biotechnology has also made it ____ to diagnose human, animal and plant diseases.
1. / easily
2. / easier
3. / easiest
4. / easiness
А41 / For food _____, new probes can rapidly detect microbial pathogens in food.
1. / safe
2. / safeness
3. / safety
4. / safely
VOCABULARY
For questions A42-A46, A47-A51, A52-A56, find one of the words on the right (1-6) that best completes the gap in the text. Mark it on your answer sheet. You can use each answer only once. For every 5 questions, there is one answer that you do not need to use.
Today biotechnology (A42)_____in various fields. In waste management, for example, biotechnology (A43)_____to create new biodegradable materials. One such material (A44)_____from the lactic acid produced during the bacterial fermentation of discarded corn stalks. When individual lactic acid molecules (A45)_____chemically, they form a material that has the properties of plastics but is biodegradable. Widespread production of plastic from this material (A46)_____to become more economically viable in the future. / 1. / is used2. / are joined
3. / is made
4. / is considered
5. / is applied
6. / is expected
(A47)_____also has applications in the mining industry. In its natural state, copper is found combined with other (A48)_____in the mineral chalcopyrite. The (A49)_____Thiobacillus ferrooxidans can use the molecules of copper found in chalcopyrite to form the (A50)_____copper sulfate (CuSO4), which, in turn, can be treated chemically to obtain pure copper. This microbiological mining process is used only with low-grade ores and currently accounts for about 10 percent of copper production in the United States. The percentage will rise, however, as conventionally mined high-grade (A51)_____are exhausted. Procedures have also been developed for the use of bacteria in the mining of zinc, lead, and other metals. / 1. / elements
2. / compound
3. / enzyme
4. / bacterium
5. / deposits
6. / biotechnology
The field of medicine employs some of the most dramatic applications in biotechnology. One advance came in 1986 with the first (A52)_____laboratory production of factor VIII, a blood-clotting protein that is not produced, or has greatly reduced activity, in people who have hemophilia. As a result of this condition, hemophiliacs are at risk of bleeding to death after suffering minor cuts or bruises. In this (A53)_____procedure, the (A54)_____gene that codes for the blood-clotting protein is transferred to hamster cells grown in (A55)_____culture, which then produce factor VIII for use by hemophiliacs. Factor VIII was approved for (A56)_____production in 1992. / 1. / embryo
2. / tissue
3. / significant
4. / commercial
5. / human
6. / biotechnological
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