Ethnic Minority Development Plan of the Linxia Subproject of the World Bank-financed Gansu Rural-Urban Integration Infrastructure Project
LinxiaCounty Government (LCG)
Linxia PMO
NationalResearchCenter for Resettlement, HohaiUniversity
September 2014
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Contents
1.Introduction
1.1 Background of the Subproject
1.2 Components
1.3 Objectives of the EMDP
1.4 Ethnic Minority Development Objectives of the Subproject
1.5 Research Methods
2.Overview of Ethnic Minorities in the Subproject Area
2.1 Population
2.1.1 Overview of the project area minorities
2.2.2 Project Impact minority situation......
2.2 Religious Believes and Cultural Overview
2.3 Socioeconomic Profile
2.3.1 Economy
2.3.2 Education
2.3.3 Poverty
2.3.4 Traffic Modes
2.4 Prevailing Ethnic Minority Policy Framework
3.Overview of Social Assessment
3.1 Purpose, Methods and Process of SA
3.1.1 Purpose of SA
3.1.2 Methods of SA
3.1.3 SA Process
3.2 Impacts of the Subproject on Ethnic Minorities
3.2.1 Positive Impacts
3.2.2 Potential Risks
3.3 Social Gender and Development
3.3.1 Local Women’s Development
3.3.2 Impacts of the Subproject on Women
3.4 Key Suggestions from SA
4.Public Participation and Consultation
4.1 Early-stage Participation Process
4.2 Outcomes of Community Participation
4.3 Participation Plan for the Implementation Stage
4.4 Grievance Redress Mechanism
5.Action Plan
5.1 Measures to Protect Ethnic Minorities’ Interests
5.2 Implementing Agency and Schedule
5.2.1 Implementing Agency and Capacity Building
5.2.2 Implementation Schedule
5.3 Financial Budget
6.Monitoring and Evaluation
Appendix 1 Breakdown of Directly Affected Minority Population (Units: person, %)
Appendix 2 Prevailing Ethnic Minority Policy Framework
Appendix 3 Summary of Early-stage Participation Activities
Appendix 4 Outcomes of Early-stage Public Participation
Appendix 5 Participation Plan for the Implementation Stage
Appendix 6 Fieldwork Photos
List of Tables
Table2- 1 Population of Linxia Prefecture, Linxia County and Subproject Area by Ethnic Group (0,000 people, %)
Table2- 2 Breakdown of Directly Affected Minority Population (Units: person, %)
Table2- 3 Economic Indicators of Gansu Province, Linxia Prefecture, Linxia County and Townships in the Subproject Area
Table2- 4 Educational Levels of Gansu Province, Linxia Prefecture, Linxia County and Subproject Area (%)
Table2- 5 Educational Levels by Ethnic Group (%)
Table2- 6 Traffic Modes by Ethnic Group (%)
Table 5-1 Key Persons Responsible of the PMO and Contact Information......
Table 5-2 Implementation Schedule
Table 5-3 Ethnic Minority Development Action Plan
Table 6-1 Terms of Reference for Monitoring and Evaluation...... 29
List of Figures
Figure 1-1 Location Map of the Subproject...... 1
Figure2- 1 Hand-drawn Noodles, Hui Women, Mosque and Fast-Breaking Festival in the Subproject Area
Figure2- 2 Poverty Incidences by Ethnic Group (%)
Figure 3-1 SA Flowchart......
Figure 3-2 Educational Levels by Gender......
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Abbreviations
EMDP / - / Ethnic Minority Development PlanFGD / - / Focus Group Discussion
HD / - / House Demolition
LA / - / Land Acquisition
M&E / - / Monitoring and Evaluation
PMO / - / Project Management Office
SA / - / Social Assessment
Units
Currency unit=Yuan (RMB)
US$1.00=RMB6.33
1 hectare=15 mu
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1.Introduction
1.1 Background of the Subproject
The Linxia Subproject of the World Bank-financed Gansu Rural-Urban Integration Infrastructure Project (hereinafter, the “Subproject”) involves the construction or reconstruction of 9 roads, and associated bridges, culverts, drainage, lighting, landscaping, and traffic safety and management facilities, as well as capacity building.
LinxiaCounty is a highly underdeveloped minority area in LinxiaHuiAutonomousPrefecture, and a state-level key county for poverty reduction. The Subproject has been included in the plan of World Bank-financed alternative projects (2013-2015) by the National Development and Reform Commission, and approved by the State Council. The gross investment in the Subproject is CNY621.5031 million, equivalent to USD100.3833 million[1], including a Bank loan of USD50 million (equivalent to CNY309.565 million, 49.81% of gross investment), and local counterpart funds of CNY50.3833 million (equivalent to CNY311.9381 million, 50.19% of gross investment).
The Subproject aims to connect urban and rural areas organically to form a sound road network, disperse urban transit traffic to destinations quickly, mitigate traffic congestion in the county town, improve rural traffic conditions, and promote the economic and social development of LinxiaCounty.
Figure 1-1 Location Map of the Subproject
1.2 Components
The Subproject consists of 9 components, including 5 rural roads and 4 urban roads, which are:
(1) Longquan-Dacaotan Class-3 highway reconstruction;
(2) Mama Class-3 highway reconstruction;
(3) Hangou Class-3 highway reconstruction;
(4) Zhangwo Class-4 highway reconstruction
(5) Beixiaoyuan-Lianhua Wharf Class-3 highway construction;
(6) Binhe Road reconstruction in the county town;
(7) Maoniu Road construction;
(8) ExpressPassage-YinjiTown road construction; and
(9) ExpressPassage-XinjiTown road construction
The 9 roads have a total length of 91.708km, including 4 urban roads with a total length of 17.078km and 5 rural roads with a total length of 74.63km. See Figure 1-1.
1.3 Objectives of the EMDP
This EMDP is prepared to encourage ethnic minorities to participate in subproject preparation and implementation, ensure that they benefit from the Subproject, mitigate their poverty, and minimize negative impacts on them. This EMDP outlines the demographic, social and cultural features of the local ethnic minorities, their needs for the Subproject, the Subproject’s impacts on them, and measures to ensure that they benefit equally and mitigate adverse impacts.
1.4 Ethnic Minority Development Objectives of the Subproject
The direct beneficiary area of the Subproject is 58 villages in 15 townships (Monigou Xiang, MajiTown, Manisigou Xiang, Diaoqi Xiang, YinjiTown, Anjiapo Xiang, Hexi Xiang, Qiaosi Xiang, Nanyuan Xiang, LianhuaTown, Zhangzigou Xiang, HanjiTown, Hongtai Xiang, Yingtan Xiang and XinjiTown) in LinxiaCounty, and direct beneficiary population is 113,890, in which minority population accounts for 57.46%. The population affected by LA and/or HD for the Subproject is 6,482, in which minority population (3,001) accounts for 46.30%.
The ethnic minority development objectives of the Subproject are: (1) providing all subproject information, conducting adequate consultation, and respecting their needs in ways suited to their traditions and customs; (2) incorporating their needs into the subproject design; and (3) taking measures to minimize the Subproject’s potential negative impacts and social risks on them, and enhance their opportunities to benefit from the Subproject in ways acceptable to them.
1.5 Research Methods
In order to prepare this EMDP, the PMO, EMDP preparation team and SA team conducted a series of public participation activities during August 14-22, 2013, including a questionnaire survey (360 copies in total, in which 350 copies are valid, including 157 minority copies, accounting for 44.86%), 45 village-level FGDs with 225 participants (including 45 women and 90 minority people), 27 key informant interviews, 52 in-depth interviews (involving 31 minority people and 21 women), and 4 stakeholder discussions held.
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2.Overview of Ethnic Minorities in the Subproject Area
2.1 Population
2.1.1 Overview of the project area minorities
The Subproject will affect 58 administrative villages in 15 townships in LinxiaCounty directly. At the end of 2012, the subproject area had a population of 113,890, including a Han population of 50,049, accounting for 43.95%; a Hui population of population of 56,532, accounting for 49.64%; a Dongxiang population of 6,498, accounting for 5.7%; a Salar population of 469, accounting for 0.42%, and a population of other ethnic minorities of population of 342, accounting for 0.3%.In the subproject area, minority population accounts for 57.46% of gross population, and this percentage is higher than that of LinxiaCounty (41.74%) by 13.97 percentage points. This also shows that in the subproject area, ethnic minorities are affected more seriously by the Subproject. See Table 2-1 and Appendix 1 for details.
Table2- 1 Population of Linxia Prefecture, LinxiaCounty and Subproject Area by Ethnic Group (0,000 people, %)
Division / Population / Han / Hui / Dongxiang / Salar / OtherPopulation / Percent / Population / Percent / Population / Percent / Population / Percent / Population / Percent
LinxiaPrefecture / 215.02 / 87.49 / 40.69 / 69.62 / 32.38 / 53.33 / 24.80 / 1.19 / 0.55 / 2.77 / 1.28
LinxiaCounty / 38.98 / 22.71 / 58.26 / 12.83 / 32.91 / 3.12 / 8.00 / 0.10 / 0.26 / 0.22 / 0.56
Subproject area / 11.39 / 5.00 / 43.95 / 5.65 / 49.64 / 0.65 / 5.7 / 0.05 / 0.42 / 0.03 / 0.3
Source: LinxiaPrefecture Statistical Handbook (2012), National Economic Statistical Bulletin of LinxiaCounty (2012)
2.2.2 Project Impact minority situation
(1)Affect the overall situation in the project area minorities. LinxiaHui Autonomous nine road construction projects,road construction and implementation (Road construction, embankment construction, land acquisition, etc.) total minority population affected villages along the road 63,841 people (56.05%). Hui people are 56532 or 49.64%concentrated living in 23 villages:Qianchuan Village of the Monigou Xiang, Yangwa Villageof the Monigou Xiang, Jijia Villageof the Monigou Xiang, Hejia Villageof the Monigou Xiang, Taita Villageof the Monigou Xiang, Dazhuang Villageof the Monigou Xiang, Maji Villageof the Maji Town, Duomusi Villageof the Maji Town, Sizhuang Villageof the Manisigou Xiang, Zhonglu Villageof the Manisigou Xiang, Tangga Village of the Manisigou Xiang, Zhangjia Villageof the Hexi Xiang, Daliang Villageof the Qiaosi Xiang, Chenhuang Villageof the Nanyuan Xiang, Caojiapo Villageof the Zhangzigou Xiang, Wangjiawan Villageof the Zhangzigou Xiang, Zhongguang Villageof the Zhangzigou Xiang, Mochuan Villageof the Hanji Town, Xiaogou Villageof the Yingtan Xiang, Wolonggou Villageof the Manisigou Xiang, Jianshang Villageof the Yinji Town, Yaochuan Villageof the Hanji Town, Hanji Villageof the Hanji Town.
Dongxiang people are 3673 or56.3%concentrated living in 6 villages.Qiaowo Village of the Hexi Xiang, Hejia Village of the Hexi Xiang, Majia Village of the Hexi Xiang, Gazhuang Village of the Hexi Xiang, Dazhuang Village of the Hexi Xiang, Guanba Village of the Zhangzigou Xiang.
In addition, 469Sala people and 342people of other nationalities. Project Impact minority situation, Specifically see table in Table2-2.
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Table2- 2Breakdown of Directly Affected Minority Population (Units: person, %)
No. / Village / Population / Ethnic minorities / Han / Hui / Dongxiang / Salar / OtherPopulation / Percent / Population / Percent / Population / Percent / Population / Percent / Population / Percent / Population / Percent
Mama highway / QianchuanVillage, Monigou Xiang / 2623 / 2622 / 99.96 / 1 / 0.04 / 2582 / 98.44 / 36 / 1.37 / 3 / 0.11 / 1 / 0.04
YangwaVillage, Monigou Xiang / 1556 / 1556 / 100.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 1531 / 98.39 / 20 / 1.29 / 3 / 0.19 / 2 / 0.13
JijiaVillage, Monigou Xiang / 1745 / 1644 / 94.21 / 101 / 5.79 / 1514 / 86.76 / 118 / 6.76 / 9 / 0.52 / 3 / 0.17
HejiaVillage, Monigou Xiang / 2388 / 2388 / 100.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 2312 / 96.82 / 39 / 1.63 / 33 / 1.38 / 4 / 0.17
TaitaVillage, Monigou Xiang / 2383 / 2303 / 96.64 / 80 / 3.36 / 2277 / 95.55 / 26 / 1.09 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00
DazhuangVillage, Monigou Xiang / 1429 / 1418 / 99.23 / 11 / 0.77 / 1287 / 90.06 / 120 / 8.40 / 11 / 0.77 / 0 / 0.00
MajiVillage, MajiTown / 1784 / 1784 / 100.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 1699 / 95.24 / 85 / 4.76 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00
DuomusiVillage, MajiTown / 2420 / 2420 / 100.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 2420 / 100.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00
GuodongshanVillage, Manisigou Xiang / 2045 / 957 / 46.80 / 1088 / 53.20 / 957 / 46.80 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00
SizhuangVillage, Manisigou Xiang / 2046 / 1894 / 92.57 / 152 / 7.43 / 1857 / 90.76 / 17 / 0.83 / 13 / 0.64 / 7 / 0.34
ZhongluVillage, Manisigou Xiang / 1067 / 1065 / 99.81 / 2 / 0.19 / 1007 / 94.38 / 19 / 1.78 / 39 / 3.66 / 0 / 0.00
TanggaVillage, Manisigou Xiang / 1864 / 1335 / 71.62 / 529 / 28.38 / 1263 / 67.76 / 24 / 1.29 / 42 / 2.25 / 6 / 0.32
Longquan- Dacaotan highway / LongquanVillage, Diaoqi Xiang / 2002 / 346 / 17.28 / 1656 / 82.72 / 333 / 16.63 / 8 / 0.40 / 0 / 0.00 / 5 / 0.25
XinxingVillage, YinjiTown / 2701 / 86 / 3.18 / 2615 / 96.82 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 86 / 3.18
DatanVillage, YinjiTown / 1531 / 55 / 3.59 / 1476 / 96.41 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 55 / 3.59
KajiatanVillage, YinjiTown / 739 / 25 / 3.38 / 714 / 96.62 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 25 / 3.38
YinjiVillage, YinjiTown / 3417 / 1680 / 49.17 / 1737 / 50.83 / 1680 / 49.17 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00
XinfaVillage, YinjiTown / 1602 / 191 / 11.92 / 1411 / 88.08 / 161 / 10.05 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 30 / 1.87
Beixiaoyuan-LianhuaWharf highway / BeixiaoyuanVillage, Anjiapo Xiang / 1600 / 1600 / 100.00 / 1600 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00
QiaowoVillage, Hexi Xiang / 488 / 488 / 100.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 201 / 41.19 / 277 / 56.76 / 0 / 0.00 / 10 / 2.05
HejiaVillage, Hexi Xiang / 1560 / 1440 / 92.31 / 120 / 7.69 / 738 / 47.31 / 702 / 45.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00
ZhangjiaVillage, Hexi Xiang / 659 / 659 / 100.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 386 / 58.57 / 273 / 41.43 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00
MajiaVillage, Hexi Xiang / 920 / 920 / 100.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 19 / 2.07 / 901 / 97.93 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00
GazhuangVillage, Hexi Xiang / 621 / 621 / 100.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 278 / 44.77 / 338 / 54.43 / 0 / 0.00 / 5 / 0.81
DazhuangVillage, Hexi Xiang / 2276 / 2276 / 100.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 1073 / 47.14 / 1182 / 51.93 / 0 / 0.00 / 21 / 0.92
YangjiaVillage, Hexi Xiang / 452 / 26 / 5.75 / 426 / 94.25 / 24 / 5.31 / 2 / 0.44 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00
ChangjiaVillage, Hexi Xiang / 953 / 48 / 5.04 / 905 / 94.96 / 9 / 0.94 / 30 / 3.15 / 0 / 0.00 / 9 / 0.94
LijiaVillage, Hexi Xiang / 745 / 0 / 0.00 / 745 / 100.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00
TazhangVillage, Hexi Xiang / 962 / 11 / 1.14 / 951 / 98.86 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 11 / 1.14
DaliangVillage, Qiaosi Xiang / 3221 / 3212 / 99.72 / 9 / 0.28 / 3212 / 99.72 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00
ChenhuangVillage, Nanyuan Xiang / 1319 / 1310 / 99.32 / 9 / 0.68 / 1310 / 99.32 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00
LianchengVillage, LianhuaTown / 1594 / 0 / 0.00 / 1594 / 100.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00
JiaozhangVillage, LianhuaTown / 1673 / 0 / 0.00 / 1673 / 100.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00
LujiaVillage, LianhuaTown / 1264 / 0 / 0.00 / 1264 / 100.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00
JiajiaVillage, LianhuaTown / 1576 / 0 / 0.00 / 1576 / 100.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00
ShuguangVillage, LianhuaTown / 1425 / 0 / 0.00 / 1425 / 100.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00
Hangou highway / CaojiapoVillage, Zhangzigou Xiang / 1462 / 861 / 58.89 / 601 / 41.11 / 830 / 56.77 / 31 / 2.12 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00
WangjiawanVillage, Zhangzigou Xiang / 1007 / 923 / 91.66 / 84 / 8.34 / 856 / 85.00 / 51 / 5.06 / 16 / 1.59 / 0 / 0.00
ZhongguangVillage, Zhangzigou Xiang / 1510 / 938 / 62.12 / 572 / 37.88 / 902 / 59.74 / 36 / 2.38 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00
MochuanVillage, HanjiTown / 2180 / 2164 / 99.26 / 16 / 0.73 / 2118 / 97.18 / 20 / 0.92 / 0 / 0 / 26 / 1.19
SandawanVillage, Hongtai Xiang / 1333 / 482 / 36.16 / 851 / 63.84 / 415 / 31.13 / 67 / 5.03 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00
LongwoVillage, Yingtan Xiang / 1241 / 442 / 35.62 / 799 / 64.38 / 393 / 31.67 / 26 / 2.10 / 17 / 1.37 / 6 / 0.48
XiaogouVillage, Yingtan Xiang / 2179 / 1513 / 69.44 / 666 / 30.56 / 1324 / 60.76 / 126 / 5.78 / 40 / 1.84 / 23 / 1.06
Zhangwo highway / DashaVillage, Zhangzigou Xiang / 997 / 624 / 62.59 / 373 / 37.41 / 486 / 48.75 / 138 / 13.84 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00
GuanbaVillage, Zhangzigou Xiang / 1271 / 1241 / 97.64 / 30 / 2.36 / 461 / 36.27 / 777 / 61.13 / 3 / 0.24 / 0 / 0.00
WolonggouVillage, Manisigou Xiang / 312 / 312 / 100.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 298 / 95.51 / 9 / 2.88 / 5 / 1.60 / 0 / 0.00
Maoniu Road / ZuitouVillage, YinjiTown / 2782 / 1561 / 56.11 / 1221 / 43.89 / 1470 / 52.84 / 91 / 3.27 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00
YinjiVillage, YinjiTown / 3417 / 1680 / 49.17 / 1737 / 50.83 / 1680 / 49.17 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00
MaliantanVillage, YinjiTown / 4022 / 2161 / 53.73 / 1861 / 46.27 / 2161 / 53.73 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00
JianshangVillage, YinjiTown / 3486 / 3486 / 100.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 3323 / 95.32 / 163 / 4.68 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00
HanzhaojiaVillage, YinjiTown / 2099 / 682 / 32.49 / 1417 / 67.51 / 682 / 32.49 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00
MajiuchuanVillage, YinjiTown / 2008 / 0 / 0 / 2008 / 100 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
ShuangchengVillage, HanjiTown / 2860 / 1316 / 46.01 / 1544 / 53.99 / 1250 / 43.71 / 35 / 1.22 / 24 / 0.84 / 7 / 0.24
Binhe Road / ShuangchengVillage, HanjiTown / 2860 / 1316 / 46.01 / 1544 / 53.99 / 1250 / 43.71 / 35 / 1.22 / 24 / 0.84 / 7 / 0.24
YaochuanVillage, HanjiTown / 1515 / 1515 / 100.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 1490 / 98.35 / 25 / 1.65 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00
MochuanVillage, HanjiTown / 2180 / 2164 / 99.26 / 16 / 0.73 / 2118 / 97.18 / 20 / 0.92 / 0 / 0 / 26 / 1.19
HanjiVillage, HanjiTown / 2340 / 1953 / 83.46 / 387 / 16.54 / 1923 / 82.18 / 30 / 1.28 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00
HanjiTown Government / 10243 / 4456 / 43.50 / 5787 / 56.50 / 4456 / 43.50 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00
Express Passage -XinjiTown road / XinjiVillage, XinjiTown / 3473 / 2431 / 70.00 / 1042 / 30.00 / 1564 / 45.03 / 656 / 18.89 / 211 / 6.08 / 0 / 0.00
GuchengVillage, XinjiTown / 3112 / 0 / 0.00 / 3112 / 100.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00
MajiuchuanVillage, YinjiTown / 2008 / 0 / 0.00 / 2008 / 100.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00
Express Passage -YinjiTown road / XiatangVillage, XinjiTown / 3808 / 0 / 0.00 / 3808 / 100.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00
ZuitouVillage, YinjiTown / 2782 / 1561 / 56.11 / 1221 / 43.89 / 1470 / 52.84 / 91 / 3.27 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00
YinjiVillage, YinjiTown / 3417 / 1680 / 49.17 / 1737 / 50.83 / 1680 / 49.17 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0.00 / 0 / 0.00
Total / 58 / 113890 / 65441 / 57.46 / 50049 / 43.95 / 56532 / 49.64 / 6498 / 5.7 / 469 / 0.42 / 342 / 0.3
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(2) Project land acquisition, demolition affect minority situation. A minority population of 3,026 will be affected by LA, 112 by HD, and 94 by both LA and HD, totaling 3,044, accounting for 46.78% of the population affected by the Subproject (6,507). In the affected minority population of 3,044, there are 2,029 Hui people, 52 Salar people, 925 Dongxiang people, 5 Bao’an people, 13 Tibetans, and 20 persons of other ethnic minorities.Recovery plan for the affected population of ethnic minorities, see RAP project-oriented special preparation.
2.2Religious Believes and Cultural Overview
1.Hui people
Linxia is Hui autonomous county with 63841 ethnic minority people (56.05%) in projectareas,Linxia road projects directly affect the Hui people are 56532 or 49.64%concentrated living in 23 villages, Its main ethnic characteristics are as follows:
①Generations and concentrated living here, national costumeobvious characteristics. The ancestors of the local Hui people is mainly due to the missionary and commercial activities migrated from central Asia, Hui people are 56532 or 49.64%generations and concentrated living in 23 villages. Theirwear characteristic clothes from others,here’s Hui people men wear double-breasted white shirt, Green jacket waistcoat, wearing a white dome cap. Women generally wear "Hijab."They wear characteristic clothes, Characteristic clothes to make them clear distinction between the general Han residents. Ethnic costumes highlight, So that people can tell the difference which is a Hui resident; Hui people clothing also became the national symbol of the residents agree with each other.
In contrast to other ethnic minorities in the project area, Hui people use Chinese, has always had frequent exchanges with the Han culture, and are better educated and better at doing business, so the ideas of active Hui people masses, strong market awareness, social and economic development relatively high level.
②National religious. The Hui people all believe in Islam,23 project areas inhabited by Hui people for generations villages, 56532 were all believe in Islam. There is one or more mosque in every village inhabited by Hui people, idle men do five times a day need to temple worship, women pray at home. The mosque is not only a religious place, but also but also important places for information communication and social affairs discussion.
③The Hui people’s customary cultural and economicare separate from those of the dominant society and culture. For example, The Hui people usually get married within the ethnic group,and may also intermarry with Tibetans believing in Islam. If anyone of another ethnic group is to be married, that one must profess a belief in Islam, and accept the etiquette and customs of the Hui people. Hui women usually get married very early, mostly in 16-19 years. The division of household labor after marriage is mainly that “men are in charge of external affairs, and women internal affairs”, and the wife is subject to her husband.The local Hui people advocate commerce and have had the traditional of doing business in other places from ancient times. In recent years, Hui people from Linxia County have run hand-drawn noodles restaurants nationwide,“hand-drawn noodles” economy income for about 50% of local rural household income, about 1/4 of laborers in the subproject area do this, giving rise to what is called the “hand-drawn noodles” economy.
④Ethnic languages. The Hui people in LinxiaCounty have their own language, Part of the Hui people (20%) can speak of the ethnic and religious language – Arabic. Imams can speak Arabic – the religious language of their own ethnic group.
⑤Unique festivalsandarchitectural style.The Hui people believe in Islam.The Hui people celebrate the 3 major Islamic festivals – Fast-Breaking Festival, Corban Festival and Maulid al-Nabi.
The Hui people live in a centralized manner. Their houses are mainly flat-topped buildings in a courtyard structure, where they would grow flowers, trees and vegetables in the courtyard. The eaves are engraved with exquisite patterns of flowers and grasses, and there is a main hall among the main rooms, with bedrooms protruding on both sides. The rooms are often provided with new-style furniture, and the walls are mostly decorated with the Arabiccalligraphies or landscape screens.
⑥Crop cultivation. Agricultural is crucial to the Hui people, who are good at adjusting crop structure oriented to the market. Relatively, the Hui people are more skilled in the cultivation of vegetables, fruit and melons.
2.Dongxiang people
①Generations and concentrated living here.The Dongxiang people is half of the 14th century by the fusion of many people live in Dongxiang components made of different nationalities. They originated mainly from ancient Semu and Mongolians believing in Islam.Dongxiang people are 3673 or56.3%concentrated living in 6 villages.
②Religion. The Dongxiang and Hui people in LinxiaCounty have the same religious belief and have lived together for a long time; there is almost no difference between them in terms of living customs, diet and architecture.But with neighboringHan and other ethnic groups in the mainstream are obviously different.
③Language. The Dongxiang people have no written language, but part of them (15%) can speak their own language today,the spoken Dongxiang language exists in oral forms. Rely on word of mouth the way heritage.
3.Fusion among Ethnic Groups
Meanwhile, the project area there is some Salar people,The Salar people in LinxiaCounty also believe in Islam. Different from the Hui people and Dongxiang people, the Salar people have no their ownconcentrated livingplace or language or written language. The local Salar and Hui people share mosques. Since the Salar and Hui people in LinxiaCounty have the same religious belief and have lived together for a long time, there is almost no difference between them in terms of living customs, diet and architecture.
The Hui, Dongxiang and Salar people in the subproject area all believe in Islam, intermarry, share mosques, participate in religious activities together, help each other and live in harmony. They show almost no difference in terms of diet, wedding, funeral and other customs.
Figure2- 1 Hand-drawn Noodles, Hui Women, Mosque and Fast-Breaking Festival in the Subproject Area