Ling Phonetic Level Evaluation (PLE)

French

Adapted by Mary McGinnis from Ling, D. (1976). Speech and the hearing-impaired child: Theory and practice. Washington, D.C.: Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf.

Child / Age / Date
Suprasegmentals
Vocalization / Spontaneous / On Demand
Duration / Sustained / Brief / Varied
Intensity / Loud / Quiet / Whisper / Varied
Pitch / Low / Mid / High / Continuously
Varied / Discretely
Varied
Vowels & Diphthongs: Step 1
/a/ / /u/ / /i/ / /œ/ / /ø/
patte / coup / si / jeune / jeûner
Single
Repeated
Alternated
Pitch
Vowels & Diphthongs: Step 2
/ɔ/ / /ɔɪ/ / /ɛ/ / /e/ / /o/
sort / bouteille / mettre / les / haut
Single
Repeated
Alternated
Pitch
Vowels & Diphthongs: Step 3
/y/ / ɑ̃ / ɛ̃ / œ̃ / ɔ̃
tu / temps / vins / parfum / son
Single
Repeated
Alternated
Pitch
Vowels & Diphthongs: Step 4
/aʁ/* / /eʁ/* / /ɔʁ/* / /ə/**
garçon / aire / mort / monsieur
Single
Repeated
Alternated
Pitch
Notes:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_French
* Test r-colored vowels only after consonantal /ʁ/ is tested and produced accurately (like Scottich loch, but voiced)
**Test schwa by alternating with stressed syllable, e.g., / bəwa/

Place: Front Mid Back

Step 1 Consonants / Step 2 Consonants / Step 3 Consonants
Phoneme / Single / Repeated / Phoneme / Single / Repeated / Phoneme / Single / Repeated
Plosives
/ba/ / /da/dental / /ga/
/bi/ / /di/ / /gi/
/bu/ / /du/ / /gu/
/pa/unaspirated / /ta/ dental / /ka/
/pi/ / /ti/ / /ki/
/pu/ / /tu/ / /ku/
Stops
/ap/ / /at/ / /ak/
/ip/ / /it/ / /ik/
/up/ / /ut/ / /uk/
/ab/ / /ad/ / /ag/
/ib/ / /id/ / /ig/
/ub/ / /ud/ / /ug/
Semivowels
/wa/ / /œjœ/
/wi/ / /ɛjɛ/
/wu/ / /iji/
Nasals
/ma/ / /na/dental / /aŋ/ langue
/mi/ / /ni/ / /ɔŋ/longue
/mu/ / /nu/ / /aɲe/ gagner
Fricatives & Affricates
/ha/
/hi/
/hu/
/fa/ / /ʃa/ / /ʧa/
/fi/ / /ʃi/ / /ʧi/
/fu/ / /ʃu/ / /ʧu/
/va/ / /ʒa/ / /ʤa/
/vi/ / /ʒi/ / /ʤi/
/vu/ / /ʒu/ / /ʤu/
/θa/ / /sa/dental
/θi/ / /si/
/θu/ / /su/
/ða/ / /za/
/ði/ / /zi/
/ðu/ / /zu/
Liquids
/la /dental / /ʁa/
/li/ / /ʁi/
/lu / / /ʁu/
Step 1: Alternated Consonant Manners
/bama/ / /fimi/ / /wibi/
Single
Repeated
Step 2: Alternated Consonant Manners
/dana/ / /ʃili/ / /sana/ / /bada/ / /ʃisi/
Single
Repeated
Step 3: Alternated Consonant Manners
/rigi/ / /taɲa/ / /sugu/ / /ʁala/
Single
Repeated
Step 4: Voiced-Voiceless
Phoneme / Single / Repeated / Phoneme / Single / Repeated
Plosives & Stops
/bapa/ / /abap/
/tada/ / /adat/
/gaka/ / /agak/
/pataka/
/badaga/
/faʃasa/
Fricatives & Affricates
/fivi/ / /ʧaɪʤaɪ/
/θiði/ / /aɪsaɪz/
/ʃiʒi/ / /kæpkæb/
/sizi/
Step 1 / Step 2 / Step 3 / Step 4 / Step 5
/mw/ moyen / /sp/ espalier / /bl/ bleu / /gl/ glas / /skʁ/scriver
/bw/ bois / /sm/ jasmin / /pl/ plaisir / /kʁ/ criossant / skw
/sk/ / /kl/ clé / /tʁ/ trouver / /spʁ/esprit
/sl/ / /kw/ quoi / /gʁ/ gris / /stʁ/obstruer
/sn/ / /bʁ/ bras / /dʁ/ dragon / spl
/st/ / /fʁ/ froid / /vʁ/ vrais / spr
/pʁ/ priver / skl
/fʁ/ France
/fl/ flacon
vl
/_vʁ/ livre / /ʁbʁ/marbre
/ʁbl/marble

Word Initial:

Two organ sequential: sm, sp, sw

Single organ sequential: ska, sla, sna, sta, thra

Two organ coformulated: bla, bra, fla, fra, kwa, pla, pra, twa

Single organ coformulated: dra, gla, gra, kra, shra, tra

Complex blends: skra, skwa, spra, stra

Word Final:

Continuant-continuant: ifs, ilm, iln, ilz, umz, uns, inz, ungz, usl, iths, isn, ivz

Continuant-stop: aft, ald, ulp, alt, ump, and, ant, unk, ask, usp, uvd, uzd

Stop-continuant blends: ibl, aebz, idl, idz, igl, igz, ikl, aeks, ipl, aeps, itl, itn

Stop-stop blends: aekt, aept, aegd, aebd

Complex: ifts, aekts, emblz, aempl, andz, oints, aenkl, uplz, askt, aetnd, ispt, itnz


Labial / Dental/
Alveolar / Post-
Alveolar / Palatal / Velar / Uvular
Nasal / Voiced / m / m / ɲ / ŋ
Plosive / Voiced / b / d / g
Voiceless / p / t / k
Fricative / Voiceless / f / s / ʃ
Voiced / v / z / ʒ / ʁ
Approximant / Plain / l / j
Rounded / ɥ / w
Front / Central / Back
Unrounded / Rounded
Close / Oral / i / y / u
Close-Mid / e / ø / ə / o
Open-Mid / ɛ (ɛː) / œ / ɔ̜
Nasal / ɛ̃ / ɔ̃
Open / ɑ̃
Oral / a
Oral Vowels / Nasal Vowels / Semivowels
Vowel / IPA / French / English / Vowel / IPA / French / English / Vowel / IPA / French / English
i / si / si / if / j / jɛʁ / hier / yesterday
e / fe / fée / fairy
ɛ / fɛ / fait / does / ɛ̃ / bʁɛ̃ / brin / spring
ɛː / fɛːt / fête / party
ə / sə / ce / this/that
œ / sœːʁ / sœur / sister / œ̃ / bʁœ̃ / brun / brown
ø / sø / ceux / those
y / sy / su / known / ɥ / plɥi / pluie / rain
u / su / sous / under / w / wi / oui / yes
o / so / sot / silly
ɔ / sɔːʁ / sort / fate / ɔ̃ / sɔ̃ / son / his
a / sa / sa / his/her
ɑ / pɑːt / pâte / dough / ɑ̃ / sɑ̃ / sans / without