POSC 120Part II
Ball, pgs. 72-81
Tannenbaum, pgs. 98-103, A:PT11-16
LIBERALISM DIVIDED
True/False Questions
1. The division among liberals stemmed from their different reactions to the social effects of the Industrial Revolution. True or False
2. According to Darwin’s theory, mutations only account for the evolution of the species but not for its survival or extinction. True or False
3. What distinguished Sumner from his fellow Social Darwinists is the fact that he believed government and charities should help those that can’t help themselves. True or False
4. By the mid-1800s in England, people had largely gained the freedom to live, worship, and compete in the marketplace as they saw fit. True or False
5. For T.H. Green, human beings are individuals first and not naturally social creatures, owing nothing to anyone else. True or False
6. Socialists want to do more than tame or reform capitalism; they want to replace it with a system of publicly owned and democratically controlledenterprises.True or False
7. Welfare liberals regard economic competition as a good thing at the expense of individual welfare. True or False
8. One of the significant advantages of the corporation as an institution is the fact that it encouraged competition; thus serving to reinforce free market capitalism. True or False
9. According to Locke and Hobbes, in the state of nature individuals not only lack protection, but have no rights. True or False
10. Robert Nozick defends the individual’s right to think, say, and do whatever he or she pleases even if it violates the rights of the less competent, the less successful members of society. True or False
11. The neoclassical economist, Friedrich Hayek insists that he wants to preserve society and its traditions to assure greater stability, complimenting economic growth. True or False
Multiple Choice Questions
1. The liberals who began to argue that government should rescue people from poverty, ignorance, and illness came to be known as: a) social state liberals, b) humanitarian utopians, c) welfare-state liberals, d) neo-libertarians.
2. Liberals who maintain that supporting the welfare-state invests too much power in the government, which they continue to regard as a necessary evil and one of the main obstacles to individual liberty: a) neo-progressives, b) neoclassical liberals, c) nonconformist liberals, d) counter-progressives.
3. What idea did Charles Darwin use to account for the evolution of life-forms? a) inbred adjustment, b) natural selection, c) robust adjustment, d) variable adaptation.
4. According to Herbert Spencer, helping the poor and the weak: a) impedes individual freedom and retards social progress by holding back the strong, b) reinforces the foundation of the collective by strengthening the weakest link, c) assures the stability of the society by supporting the common good, d) elevates the state to protector and overseer of social harmony and enhances growth and development.
5. William Graham Sumner argues that government must deal with the following two areas: a) the organization of the state and the level of taxes, b) the property of men and the honor of women, c) the security of mankind and the stability of the state, d) assure a corrupt-free polity with a morally conscious citizenry.
6. Welfare liberals see government as: a) a necessary evil, b) an effectual arbiter at best in resolving conflict in the private sector, c) one of many institutions that effectively controls special interests, d) a positive force for promoting individual liberty by ensuring that everyone enjoys an equal opportunity in life.
7. What did T.H. Green mean by “positive freedom?” a) to be left alone, b) the absence of restraint, c) to be willing to live in poverty if it is being free from the state, d) the positive power or ability to do something.
8. Why would an ardent conservative, such as Bismarck, create and support the first welfare state in Germany? a) this was a way to expose who were ardent socialists to be arrested and persecuted, b) the workers needed to be corrupted and manipulated for the good of the state, c) by the state establishing a social safety net, workers become even more loyal citizens, d) it allows the state to absorb and direct much of the wealth while preventing anyone from becoming too wealthy.
9. By the beginning of the 1900s, capitalist competition looked quite different from what it had been a century before because of: a) the dominance of the lone entrepreneur, b) the introduction of government, c) the ability to eliminate most forms of corruption, d) the rise of the corporation.
10. How did the English-speaking world respond to the Great Depression of the 1930s? a) it turned to the welfare state, b) it actively embraced fascism, c) it accepted the superiority of socialism, d) it supported religious fundamentalism as the true means for achieving the ideal society.
11. How did President Franklin D. Roosevelt counter the arguments against massive expenditures for infrastructure? a) by using class warfare as an ideological weapon, b) by applying crony capitalism as a weapon against itself, c) by arguing that it alleviated some of the suffering and served as an investment for the future, d) by threatening to micro-manage powerful financial institutions.
12. The New Left of the 1960s, a) supported government programs to promote equality of opportunity, b) embraced the Soviet model for achieving “true equality.” c) believed in consumer capitalism, d) felt that government had finally been freed of corporatist influence.
13. A society in which average people would be able to exercise greater control over the decisions that most closely affected their lives: a) effective governance, b) shared responsibility, c) engaged polity, d) participatory democracy.
14. According to John Rawls’s Theory of Justice, when is an unequal distribution of wealth and resources justified? a) only if it creates a better situation for those at the bottom of society, b) when there is greater freedom and greater opportunity for the majority, c) if it results in greater efficiency, d) under no circumstance would Rawls accept an unequal distribution of wealth and resources.
15. According to Robert Nozick, when someone is taxed by government to provide benefits to others, such as education, health care, or unemployment compensation, this is a) just because itassures the stability of the state, b) fair because society and its government are part of a collective, c) a form of forced labor, d) coercion and that is why there is no such thing as a democratic form of government, only levels of coercion.
16. The following argue that the state is an altogether unnecessary evil; therefore, government ought to be eliminated: a) libertarian anarchism, b) constitutional radicalism, c) formal syndicalism, d) classical liberalism.
Fill-in Questions
1. Since the second half of the nineteenth century, neoclassical liberals have consistently argued the following:
a) government should be as ______as possible in order to leave room for the exercise of individual ______.
b) The state or government should be nothing more than a “______” whose only legitimate business is to protect the person and property of individuals against ______and ______.
2. From the perspective of the welfare liberal, what is the role of government?
a) to ______economic competition in order to cure the ______and
b) redress ______wrought by capitalist competition.
3. What was John Maynard Keynes strategy for maintaining and fine-tuning the economy?
a) When prices are rising, the government should ______taxes to reduce ______spending and prevent inflation.
b) When inflation is no longer a threat, government should ______taxes, increase spending on social programs, or both, in order to ______the economy and maintain high levels of ______.
c) Whatever the strategy at any particular time, Keynes’s contra-cyclical approach calls for ______government management of economic matters.
LAW
Tannenbaum, pgs. 98-103
True/False Questions
1.According to Thomas Aquinas, law and governments actively aid the moral development of individuals. True or False
2. For Aquinas, the Ten Commandments are perhaps the best known directives of divine law.True or False
3. Liberty can only be completed, argues Aquinas, through a law that speaks to man’s soul and that forbids and prescribes, rewards and punishes without using force.True or False
4. Natural law cannot direct how one rules and is ruled; therefore, it cannot give legitimacy to the state, only God can do that argues Aquinas.True or False
5. For Aquinas, the practice of usury is natural based on the nature of humankind to be motivated by self-interest. True or False
Multiple Choice Questions
1. When should a custom be abolished by a new law according to Aquinas? a) when it strengthens the common good so as to make up for the harm done to the legitimacy of the law, b) when the custom treats men and women differently, resulting in discriminatory practices, c) if the custom is causing some to suffer at the expense of the many, d) customs should not be abolished, argues Aquinas, because they are an extension of God’s plan.
2. The law that is made by an authoritative political jurisdiction, and is binding on all who live within its prescribed boundaries: a) common law, b) scripture, c) traditional law, d) human law.
Fill-in Questions
1. What is the purpose of all law according to Aquinas?
a) to enable ______,
b) which helps each person fulfill their ______,
c) function as a ______being, and
d) seek the vision of ____.
2. What are Aquinas’s four types of law?
a) ______law,
b) ______law,
c) ______law,
d) ______law.
Answers
Ball, pgs. 72-81
True/False Questions
1. True
3. False
5. False
7. False
9. False
11. False
Multiple Choice Questions
1. c
3. b
5. b
7. d
9. d
11. c
13. d
15. c
Fill-in Questions
1. a) small, freedom, b) nightwatchman, force, fraud
3. a) raise, consumer, b) lower, stimulate, employment, c) active
Tannenbaum, pgs. 98-103
True/False Questions
1. True
3. True
5. False
Multiple Choice Questions
1. a
Fill-in Questions
1. a) justice, b) telos, c) rational, d) God
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