Lesson 6.01:Classification Systems and Viruses

Module 6 Guided Notes

Lesson 6.01:Classification Systems and Viruses

After completing this lesson, you will be able to:

Describe classification as a work in progress

Discuss the characteristics of the three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Describe classification by cladistics

Summarize how molecular evidence reveals species relatedness

Identify the structures and shapes of viruses

Describe different types of viral infections

Currently, there are four ways scientists classify life. Describe each system of classification below.

1)Linnaean taxonomy categorizes organisms based on ______characteristics.It has a hierarchy of seven major taxa, or groupings of organisms. From largest to smallest they are:

Currently, there are ______kingdoms in Linnaean Taxonomy. They are: (1) ______, (2)______, (3)______, (4)______, and (5)______(which include Archaebacteria and Eubacteria).

**Key term:Binomial Nomenclature gives a two-word name to organisms based on the Latin language, like the use of Feliscatus to describe a common house cat. It is rooted in Linnaean taxonomy since it simply uses the genus and species names given in that classification system. Make sure to examine the chart on scientific naming on Binomial Nomenclature tab of page 1, lesson 1.

2)Woese’s three domains:

A scientist named ______determined that organisms with similar ______were not necessarily related to one another. He and his colleagues proposed a new three-domain classification system that includes (1)______, (2)______, and (3) ______.

3)Phylogeny or cladistics

a) Phylogeny is the ______history of a group of ______related species. This evolution of species is represented by a phylogenetic tree of ______and ______, linking one species to another in a chain starting from the bottom of the tree to the top.

b) Cladisticsuses a chart called a cladogram. Cladograms use clades, a group of organisms that include an ______species and all its ______. Relationships between species are determined by ______inherited from a common ancestor. When a new trait develops, called a ______, a fork is added to a cladogram.

4)Genetic connections help ______species. The ability to see the genetic code that connects all species has defined ______relationships more clearly and provided evidence to support species placement within phylogenetic trees and cladograms.

Classification Comparisons

Using the review on page 6, list the correct advantages and disadvantages in the chart below.

Linnaean Taxonomy / Cladistics / Genetic Connections
Advantage
Disadvantage
Advantage
Disadvantage

Classification of Non-Living Things(starting from page 4 of lesson)

Key points:

1. There agents in our midst that contain genetic information, but are not living. These are the ______and the ______.

2. Virusesare categorized by ______, ______, ______, and the host they infect.

There are four main viral shapes. Use the chart on page 4 to describe each one.

Lytic and Lysogenic Infections

When a virus, like a Bacteriophage, infects a host cell, it follows a ______or ______cycle. Both cycles begin with the virus attaching to the ______of a host cell.

In a ______, the virus enters the host cell, replicates many copies, and destroys the cell in order to get out and spread to others.

Lytic infection steps:

In the lytic cycle, viral genetic material is ______and the viral genes direct the cell to construct new ______parts.
The viral ______and parts come together to make ______viruses.
The cell ______, releasing the new viruses.

In a ______ infection, the virus ______its DNA into the DNA of the cell. It stays ______and replicates with the cell DNA until the cell is in danger of dying. At that time, the ______infection will become ______in order to spread to other host cells.

Lysogenic infection steps:

In the lysogenic cycle, the ______of the virus becomes part of the ______DNA through ______.
The ______DNA (prophage DNA) is ______with the ______DNA for several cycles..
When the cell is stressed or near death, the ______DNA begins the ______cycle.

Lesson 6.02:Bacteria

After completing this lesson, you will be able to:

Summarize the similarities and differences between Bacteria and Archaea

Describe different types of prokaryotes

Explain how bacteria cause disease

Describe how antibiotics work and the potential for antibiotic resistance

Recognize the roles prokaryotes play in ecosystems

Key points:

1. The root of the universal phylogenetic tree represents a time when life on Earth shared a ______. From the root, life divides in two; the ______domain goes in one direction, while the ______and ______domains go in another.

2. The three domains of ______, ______, and ______have ribosomal RNA sequences that differ from one another.

3. Although visually similar, the single-celled ______cells of the Bacteria and Archaea domains have many unique differences.

Differences between Bacteria and Archaea Domains:

Bacteria

The Bacteria domain contains most of the ______we recognize as common bacteria.
They have cell membranes made from straight chains of ______fatty acids.
They have cell walls made of ______, a thin layer composed of sugars derivatives and amino acids.
Bacteria also have special ______. These molecules are responsible for transcription, a process that “reads” the genetic code of DNA in order to make the proteins needed by the cell.

Archaeabactera

Archaea are some of Earth’s ______life forms.
They inhabit environments with ______temperature, ______pH, and ______salinity.
The cell membranes of Archaea contain a lipid layer of ______and branched hydrocarbons.
Special cell membranes make ______more adapted to their unique living environments.

The single, prokaryotic cells of bacteria and archaeabacteria have some common key structures. Describe their appearance and function below.

Cell wall-

Ribosomes-

Nucleoid-

Flagella-

Cell membrane-

Capsule-

Bacteria and Archeabacteria Shapes:

The shape of a cell is its morphology. In the case of bacteria and archaeabacteria, there are distinct shapes that help with their classification and identification. The major morphologies of bacteria are below. Provide a description of each.

Coccus-

Rod-

Spirillium-

Spirochete-

Appendaged-

Filamentous-

Bacteria Survival:

Bacteria have many ways to survive the changes in their environments.

1. They can adapt to all types of stressors, including______temperature,______UV radiation, ______damage, ______deprivation, and ______medications.

2. When nutrients run low, some bacteria form ______or ______to move to new locations where nutrients are plentiful.

3. Some bacteria make new types of ______to digest uncommon food sources for nutrients.

4. Lastly, they can create dormant and highly resistant cellscalled ______that preserve the cell’s genetic material in times of extreme stress. These ______“reactivate” when the stressor is no longer a factor to its survival.

Reproduction of Bacteria

Bacteria have developed many ways to reproduce and share their genetic material with other bacteria. Describe the processes below.

Binary fission-

Transformation-

Transduction-

Conjugation-

Bacteria as Pathogens

Key points:

1. Most of these ______are essential to the overall health of a person. They help with ______and protect the body from harmful bacteria by ______for their food resources. This keeps the growth of harmful bacteria down.

2. Normal ______is different from the disease-causing bacteria, or ______, that make people sick.

3. It is the reactivity of a person’s ______system and the ability of a pathogen to cause ______in a particular host that will determine how sick a person becomes.

Use the interactive on page 4 to describe the general steps of bacterial infection below.

1. Exposure:

2. Adherence:

3. Invasion:

4. Colonization and Growth:

5. Toxicity:

6. Tissue damage or disease:

Antibiotics

Key points:

1. ______are chemical substances produced by certain microorganisms that inhibit or kill other microorganisms.

2. Anitbioticswork by targeting the ______, ______, and the processes of ______and ______production in bacteria cells.

3. ______create antibiotics to target other bacteria. This is why antibiotics are useful as medications for bacterial infections.

4. Antibiotics only attack ______cells with specific ______or lipid receptors on their cell membranes or cell walls; they ______attack the eukaryotic cells of the host.

5. Infected people or animals can take an antibiotic that destroys their bacteria invader without ______or ______their own cells.

6. The ______, ______, and ______of antibiotics have allowed bacteria to evolve.

7. Antibiotc immune bacteria can transfer their immunity through ______, ______, or ______to other bacteria. This creates resistant strains of bacteria in multiple species and the antibiotic loses its effectiveness for many illnesses.

Beneficial Bacteria

There is a common misconception that all bacteria species are harmful. List some of the benefits of bacteria described on page 6 of the lesson below.

Lesson 6.03:Protists

After completing this lesson, you will be able to:

Identify the three main types of protist

Identify the three types of locomotion used by protozoa

Compare the six major phyla of plantlike protist

Discuss the three phyla of fungus-like protist, their role in the ecosystem and how they differ from true fungi

Key points:

1. ______are unicellular, eukaryotic organisms.

2. They appear to be multi-cellular when they grow in ______, however they do not have specialized cells or differentiation in tissues like those found in multi-cellular organisms.

3. Protists appear ______-like, ______-like, and ______-like because they share some, but not all of the characteristics of those kingdoms.

4. Due to their tremendous diversity, protists are further distinguished from one another by the way they ______.

Use the interactive to list the similarities below.

All protists have the following similarities:

Animal-like protists

Key points:

1. Animal-like protists, referred to as ______, share two characteristics with animals; they are ______and______.

2. Animal–like protists can consume food using ______or ______. In both processes, the cell membrane folds inward to take in substances from the outside, but in ______protists also use their cell membranes to form food vacuoles around their prey, which is usually a bacterium.

3. Protists can produce toxins that ______the bacteria. Once ______, bacteria are brought into the protist’s cytoplasm for breakdown and consumption.

4. Animal-like protists use three common forms of locomotion: ______, ______, and ______.

Describe each of the four types of animal-like protists below.

a. Flagellates

b. Amoebas use pseudopodia

c. Ciliates

d. Sporozoans (Not all protozoa are mobile)

Plant-like Protists

1. Plant-like protists are ______, or ______. This means they make their own food using sunlight.

Provide a small description of each plant-like protist phyla below.

•Chlorophyta

•Chrysophyta

•Pyrrophya

•Euglenophyta

•Rhodaphyta

•Phaeophyta

Fungus-like protists

Key points:

1. Fungus-like protists are ______and most species are ______.

2. They are similar to species of the fungus kingdom in four ways: they produce ______, they have ______, they ______food from their surroundings, and they act as ______for their environments.

The key characteristics of fungus-like protists are:

Describe the three types of fungus-like protists below:

1. Water molds

2. Slime molds

3. Mildews

Lesson 6.04: Fungus

After completing this lesson, you will be able to:

Describe the structure and reproduction of fungi

Describe how fungi obtain nutrients

Identify the four main types of fungi

Recognize the role fungi play in the ecosystem

Fungus kingdom key points:

1. The species of the fungi kingdom are ______and ______.

2. Like ______, some fungi grow from the soil while others grow flowery outgrowths.

3. Fungi are more closely related to ______than to plants. They grow from the soil, but they do not use ______to make their own food.

4. Fungi are ______. They break down dead plant and animal matter and consume it for energy.

5. Without fungus and fungus-like protists, it would be up to bacteria to fill a large portion of the decomposer role in ecosystems. Fungi are multicellular organisms. They can spread quickly and consume plenty. For this reason, fungus is important to every ecosystem.

Use the interactive on page one to describe the reproductive process of fungi below.

Use the interactive on page one to describe the fungi structures below.

1. Rhizoids

2. Mycelium

3. Hyphae

4. Sporangiophores

5. Sporangium

6. Spores

7. Stolon

8. Gametangia

9. Zygospore

Describe budding from the misconception below.

Using the video and self-check on page two, describe the four types of fungi below.

1. Club fungi

2. Sac fungi

3. Imperfect fungi

4. zygote fungi

Using the interactive on page 3, describe at least three ways that Fungi are beneficial to ecosystems.

Lesson 6.05: Plants

After completing this lesson, you will be able to:

Describe adaptations of land plants

Identify vascular and nonvascular plants

Differentiate between seeded plants

Describe the two groups of flowering plants

Discuss the importance of plants to agriculture and modern medicine

Use the interactive timeline on page 1 to describe the adaptations of land plants listed below.

1. The Cuticle

2. Stomata

3. Spores

4. Vascular Tissues

5. Woody tissue

6. Pollen

7. Seeds

Key points (from page 1 and 2):

1) It wasn’t until millions of years after the first seeds that ______plants appeared. Once they came onto the scene, more seed adaptations developed.

2) Plants began to cover their seeds with ______to entice animals to eat them. Once consumed, seeds traveled with animals until they ______with their feces. The newly dispersed seeds could grow in new locations.

3) All organisms in the plant kingdom are ______, ______, and ______.

Plants are divided into twelve different phyla.These phyla are grouped under four main divisions. Each division is based on a major plant adaptation. Use the interactive on page two to describe each division.

(1) non-vascular plants

(2) seedless vascular plants

(3) non-flowering vascular plants (gymnosperms)

(4) flowering vascular plants(angiosperms)

From page three, list at least three reasons why plants are important.

Lesson 6.05 honors: Plants

describe the characteristics and classification of seedless vascular and nonvascular plants

describe the characteristics and classification of seed plants, including cone-bearing plants and flowering plants

Use the interactive to describe the characteristics of the non-vascular plant division below.

1. Bryophyta (mosses)-

2. Anthocerophyta (hornworts) –

3. Hepatophyta (liverworts)-

Use the interactive to describe the characteristics of the seedless vascular plant division below.

1. Lycophyta (club mosses) –

2. Pterophyta (ferns) –

3. Sphenophyta (horsetails)

4. Psilophyta (whisk ferns) -

Use the interactive on page 2 to describe the characteristics of gymnosperms below.

1. Coniferophyta –

2. Cycadophyta-

3. Ginkgophyta –

4. Gnetophyta-

Use the interactive on page 2 to describe the characteristics of angiosperms below.

1. Anthopyta-

Lesson 6.06: Plant Growth, Cells, and Tissues

After completing this lesson, you will be able to:

Summarize the events in seed germination and its requirements

Describe the structure and function of plant cells and tissues

Describe the form and functions of plant roots and stems

Describe structures common to most leaves

Explain the response of plants to environmental stimuli and hormones

Key points about seed structure:

1. For angiosperms, there are two basic seed structures, monocots, and ______.

2. The seeds of______have an endosperm packed into one seed leaf, or ______.

3. A ______has an endosperm divided into multiple cotyledons.

Seed germination:

1. ______ is a process of plant growth from a seed or a spore.

2. Sunlight, water, and oxygen — as well as ______, ______, and pH, all influence germination.

3. Seed or spore ______affect germination rate as well.

Use the diagrams on the monocot and dicot tabs of page one to describe the steps of germination for each type of seed.

Monocots:

Dicots:

Plant tissues and cells:

Tissue Type / Function / Location / Cell Type
Dermal Tissue / parenchyma cells-
Ground Tissue / Collenchymacells-

Schlerenchyma cells-
Vascular Tissue / Vascular tissues have two types: Xylem and Phloem.
Xylem

Phloem cells

Plant roots, stems, and leaves

Key points on roots:

1. The ______is the source from which plants receive water, minerals, hormones, and organic and inorganic compounds necessary for healthy growth.

2. In ______, the root structure is fibrous and stringy.

3. The root system of a ______, like a carrot, is a taproot. It burrows downward and forms fine lateral roots in search of water and nutrients.

View the pictures on roots. How does the vascular cylinder differ in monocots and dicots?

Key points on stems:

1. Unlike the roots, the ______has a higher percentage of collenchyma cells to aid in structural support.

2. In ______stems, vascular bundles are scattered throughout the stem.

3. In a ______, the vascular bundle is a ring, with the larger ______cells in the center and the smaller ______cells to the outside.

Key points on leaves:

1. Leaves consist of ______tissues for protection, ______tissues for food storage, and ______tissues for transport.

2. Leaves have specialized cells for ______and gas exchange.

Use the interactive on page 3 to describe the structures and cells of leaves below.

1. Vein system of dicots

2. Vein system of monocots

3. Stomata

4. Chloroplasts

Plant Responses to Environmental Stimuli and Hormones

Key points:

1. Plants respond to changes in their environment. They detect gravity, light, touch, and seasonal changes and respond to these stimuli in many ways.

2. When a plant grows toward or away from a stimulus, it’s called a ______.

3. ______is a response to light that directs the stem to grow towards the light and roots to grow away from it.

4. ______is the growth towards or away from gravity. Stems and leaves grow ______from the force of gravity while roots grow ______it.

5. Plants have a touch response called ______. Plants that grow in vines are a good example of this tropism.

6. Plants are able to respond to all types of stimuli through the help of plant ______. Each one is a chemical messenger that travels from cell to cell inducing specific responses.

Promotes Growth / Promotes Stem Branching / Controls aging / Signals flower and leaves to drop / Controls Germination / Controls budding flowers or ripening fruit / Controls Tropisms / Stimulates Stomata opening and closing
Auxins / X / X
Ethylene / X / X
Gibberellins / X / X / X
Cytokinins / X / X
Abscisic Acid / X / X / X

Lesson 6.07: Plant Reproduction and Development