These are recommendations for technologies presented and scored at the E3T LED Lighting Technical Advisory Group (LED TAG) scoring session on May 3, 2012.
LED Area and Parking Lot Lighting – 417Outdoor area and parking lot lighting employing LED technology / Overall Score: 3.5
Note: this technology is already in the BPA Lighting Calculator.
Summary
The TAG consensus is that LED’s in this application are appropriate for BPA to support. We are comfortable that performance is good enough, and consumer benefits significant enough to encourage full deployment. The main issue is first cost.
LED outdoor lighting is becoming a mainstream product. A contractor in the group mentioned that most of his customers are now requesting at least one LED option in proposals. A distributor said he is now selling LED products frequently. Some customers balk at the first cost. LEDs have a lot of benefits over conventional lighting in this application.
The Scoring Meeting presentation outlines many specifics (such as advantages and disadvantages, approved products lists, etc), and this document outlines the TAG’s recommendations for research or program design.
Recommendations:
Research
• Light Levels: Customers have expressed concern about safety impacts of reducing light levels overall, and of adaptive lighting controls strategies. Consider conducting research on relationship between light levels/controls and safety. Is there a possibility that dimming lights causes safety concerns in some circumstances? Might it actually increase security by alerting security personnel and others that someone is in the area when the lights come on to full brightness? The California Lighting Technology Center may have some relevant research.
• Secondary Research: Do deeper secondary research. We should gather the available research by DOE and California, etc., and summarize the relevant conclusions. Also gather lessons from other utilities currently operating LED lighting programs. The purpose is to learn from others’ experience, and in part this type of information is relevant in this market because the technology is changing so quickly that traditional sources of direction, such as IES, are not able to keep abreast of the changes.
• Lifetime: Consider performing focused primary or secondary research to determine whether it is likely that the products will really last the rated life, considering that some components such as drivers may fail prematurely. In this application, there are concerns about whether weather and maintenance practices (or lack of maintenance practices) will cause luminaires to fail prior to the rated life.
• Controls: Sensors and network protocols are limitations for effective adaptive lighting. Consider research to overcome hurdles such as occupancy sensor placement that has blind spots. California is currently conducting research relating to networked solutions (driving for standards), looking to harmonize a control protocol and performance specifications (controls and efficacy) for parking lots. Recent innovations in occupancy sensors include the Wattstopper FSP-211 PIR sensor configurable for pole heights of 8’ to 40’, and the Lighting Science Group PixelView image sensor.
Performance Spec: Consider development of performance specifications for exterior lighting (maximum connected load, required occupancy controls, light distribution, etc) following the example of California energy code, especially for new construction.
Programmatic Recommendations
• Incentives: 1) Incentives don’t need to favor LEDs (i.e., they don’t need to be structure to cover a higher % of the cost just to make them more attractive), but incentives could be structured to better acknowledge savings from higher wattage bulbs. For example, BPA could create multiple categories based on size of bulbs so that it can be recognized that larger wattage bulbs will save more energy and therefore deserve higher incentives. For example, the incentive for a 100 watt lamp may be $58 (based on 65% wattage reduction and $.15/kWh) and the incentive for a 400 watt fixture could be $194. 2) Consider only offering incentives for LED products replacing up to 250 watts since those have a better track record to date than the larger wattage applications.
• Lighting Design credit: If current space is overlit, allow more wattage reduction (but need to protect customer from contractor under-lighting a space to get more profit). To the extent possible, allow full credit for kWh saved, such as the “non-standard” approach, rather than a prescriptive incentive based solely on one-for-one replacements of a specific technology. This would encourage end users to maximize savings by giving them full credit for all energy saved. In addition, it allows more flexibility in design to achieve energy savings. Prescriptive incentives giving a fixed incentive per fixture, for instance, encourage the customer to meet only the minimum requirements for the incentive, with the maximum number of fixtures allowed. This may not be the optimal design.
· Qualified Products Lists: Consider accepting everything on the DLC Qualified Products List (QPL) for ease of understanding and less administrative hassle, or accepting it with a minor modification or two, such as requiring a higher minimum efficacy to qualify for an incentive. Address the differences between various lists (DLC, LDL, etc), and move toward fewer lists.
• Controls: Consider aggressive support for controls
o In area lighting applications, occupancy sensors must be designed carefully in order to avoid dead spots (where an occupant won’t be sensed). For this reason, it is not recommended that BPA require occupancy controls. Other viable controls include an integrated unit that is able to dim based on time of day.
o Focus on supporting fixture level dimming (i.e. integrated controls within luminaires), as opposed to network level controls (via wireless, BACnet or other protocol).
o It is becoming common for fixtures to come with an integrated dimmable driver (0-10 volt dimming capability), and those that don’t have it may have multi-level step-dimming as a standard feature, and continuous dimming available for incremental cost under $25. Consider requiring that rebated fixtures be (or paying a bonus for) “controls-ready”, meaning they have 1) the 0-10 volt driver. Currently available controls and any anticipated future controls should be able to use this feature to employ dimming strategies. However, some products such as the Leotek Ecobra-head can be easily retrofitted for controls, even though they have no 0-10V input.
o California’s next energy code (effective 2014) will mandate bilevel controls (occupancy controls) for most 12-25 foot poles (not only for LEDs). LED’s will be well suited to comply with these controls. The TAG does not recommend that BPA incorporate this into their programs at this time.
• Case Studies: Encourage or sponsor local case studies and demonstrations. This will to increase the perception that this technology is being successfully adopted locally and will provide opportunities for people to see local installations in operation. Identify any installations already in the region by contacting utilities and distributors. Write up case studies on these installations to increase customer and utility awareness of them. One of the concerns about area lighting applications is that contractors may be motivated to design underlit spaces in order to increase the energy savings. The case studies would allow BPA to keep an eye on practices in the field.
• Education: Publish information on the technology, including pros and cons and application guidelines, to help customers make better informed decisions, and make this information available through co-sponsored trainings through the Trade Ally Network and other organizations. Encourage or sponsor training in the region to help customers learn about how to choose and apply the technology effectively. Area lighting is trickier to design well (compared to wall luminaires) due to the need to design for even light distribution (dealing with max/min illumination and elimination of hot spots). Consider manufacturer websites as a source of technical information.
· Retrofit Kits: The TAG discussed retrofit kits at length and did not reach a consensus. Many members felt that BPA should not provide incentives for retrofit kits because so few of them really worked well, concerns about putting a retrofit kit in an old fixture, warranty issues, heat dissipation and the fact that UL listing is only valid if the retrofit kit is UL-approved to fit in a specific UL-approved fixture. Others felt that some reputable manufacturers have developed retrofit kits specifically designed for certain of their fixtures that work well and that they should be supported. Retrofit kits provide potential for cost savings as well. The DLC list does include retrofit kits, so consider influencing their policy and relying on their list. Use caution when encouraging the use of retrofit kits. At a minimum, be sure that the retrofit kit is UL listed, to work specifically with the UL listed fixture in which it is being installed. It is also preferable that the kit is made by the same manufacturer as the fixture.
Product Availability:
1. This is one of the largest product categories currently included in on the DLC Qualified Products List (QPL).
2. 70+ manufacturers, 400+ model numbers (with specs). Over 300 retrofit kits are listed on the QPL
3. Most of the products that show promise in actual conditions are designed to replace HID lighting of 250 W or less.
4. Some products are available for 320 to 400W HID replacement but there are fewer options in that range.
Comments:
· One contractor noted that almost every customer asks him to bid LEDs as an alternative, but very few choose to install LEDs. The requirement by many customers of a two-year simple payback currently poses a serious impediment to adoption of this technology.
· In California, new standards effective by 2014, will modify section 130 of Title 24, Part 6 of the California Code of Regulations, and will:
o Reduce power densities
o Limit maximum power
o Require sensors in some applications
These changes will favor LEDs because they are well-suited to unit controls. Performance specifications are key; many will favor LEDs.
LED Area & Parking Lot Lighting - #417 Page 4