Learning and Cognition Exam Outline

Learning and Cognition Exam Outline

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1)Social Learning Theory:

a)Founder:

i)year

ii)Hypothesis:

b)Conclusions of his study:

i)Conditions arranged in descending order of the # of aggressive bxs:

ii)Exposure to model may have 3 effects:

(1)

(2)****Note:

c)Factors Mediating Modeling Effect:

i)Attention:

ii)Retention:

iii)Motor Reproduction:

iv)Incentive:

d)Possible Motives to Model a Bx (3):

e)** PRIMARY CHANNEL**

f)Reciprocal Determinism:

g)Self-Regulation: (3)

h)Outcomes of Social Learning (2)

i)Clinical Applications

i)Modeling Therapy:

ii)Self-control Therapy:

j)Why does it work?

i)Behaviorist Interpretation:

(1)Problems:

ii)Evolutionary Interpretation:

2)Cognition

a)Modern Cognitive Science: a modified information processing approach

b)**Cognition equals the…**

c)Note: The way we interpret reality is controlled by….

d)Seven Major Themes:

e)Psychological state is a function of physical (brain) state

i)read:

f)Measuring Cognition

i)Reaction Time:

ii)Accuracy of Recall

g)Metaphors of Cognitive Science (2):

h)Information Processing Theory:

i)Assumptions:

ii)Difficulties:

(1)

(2)

i)Top-Down Processing:

j)The Updated Standard Model:

i)Characteristsics:

k)Connectionist Models of Cognition:

i)AKA—Parallel Distributed Processing or neural net models

3)Perception and Attention:

a)Sensation vs. Perception:

i)Sensation

ii)Perception:

b)Visual Perception:

i)Compression of Environmental Information:

(1)Net Effect:

ii)Time-Limited Intake of Visual Stimuli:

(1)Net Effect:

c)Visual Sensory Memory:

i)aka Iconic Memory

ii)Visual Persistence:

iii)Life span:

iv)Storage Capacity:

v)Sperling’s Experiment:

(1)Conclusion:

d)Pattern Recognition: how do we get from visual icons to meaningful objects?

i)Templates: (top-down approach)

ii)Feature detection: (bottom-up approach)

(1)Selfridge’s Pandemonium Model

iii)Pattern Recognition:

(1)Concept-drivenmodels

(2)Connectionist Approach:

e)Agnosia:

i) Prosopagnosia:

ii)Apperceptive Agnosia:

iii)Associative Agnosia:

4)Attention:

a)2 Definitions:

b)Input Attention:

i)The basic process of getting sensory information into the cognitive system.

ii)Alertness and Arousal:

(1)Yerkes-Dodson Law, 1908:

iii)Reflexive attention:

iv)Habituation:

v)Spotlight attention:

c)Controlled / Voluntary Attention:

i)Definition:

ii)Selective Attention:

(1)Definition:

(2)Dichotic Listening Tasks:

(a)Dual-task procedures

(b)Able to distinguish…

(c)If significant change in meaning …

(d)The Cocktail Party Effect:

(3)Conclusion:

d)Norman’s Pertinence Model of Attention:

i)What you attend to depends on:

(1)Sensory Activation:

(2)Pertinence:

e)General Conclusions:

i)Complex stimulus field =

ii)Complex message =

iii)Capacity of attention process/mechanism

iv)With sufficient practice,

v)Problems of Automaticity (4):

f)Hemineglect:

i)Definition:

ii)Problem of Selective Attention:.

5)Short-term / Working Memory

a)Conceptual Origins:

b)Short-term: Limited Capacity Bottleneck

i)Miller’s 7 plus/minus 2

ii)Little variation in capacity from person to person

iii)Overcoming the bottleneck:

(1)Recoding:

iv)Life-span of info:

c)Measuring STM Decay: The Brown-Peterson Task

i)study was to examine length of STM info w/o rehersal

ii)The forgetting curve:

(1)Interpretation:

(2)However, was possible:

iii)Challenge to Brown-Peterson (Waugh and Norman, 1965)

(1)Results:

(a)Supports hypothesis that

d)STM and Recall:

i)Types: (2)

ii)Serial Position Effects: (Muller)

(1)Primacy effect:

(2)Recency effect:

(3)Evidence for above explanations: (Glanzer & Cunitz, 1966)

e)STM Rehearsal Loop:

i)Maintain …

ii)Transfer …

f)Retrieval of STM Info:

i)Sternberg’s STM scanning task (1966

(1)Summary:

(a)STM scanning is …

(b)Rate of scanning is…)

(c)The Y-intercept …

(d)True for …

g)Working Memory:

i)Components: (at least these 3)

ii)Individual Differences

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