Latin ii Final guide
I. Grammar Define the following terms:
Term / Definition /Accusative / The case used to indicate direct objects or the object of certain prepositions.
Action verb / A verb which implies doing something. Not a linking verb!
Adjective / Modifies (describes) a noun. Nouns and adjectives agree in number, gender, and case.
Adverb / A word or phrase modifying (describing) an adjective, verb or other adverb. Many in English end in –ly, but not all of them!
Case / Refers to the declined forms (or variations) of a noun, pronoun, or adjective. Different cases indicate different grammatical uses or functions
Conjugation / A family of verbs with the same fixed endings.
Conjunction / Connects words, phrases, clauses, or sentences
Declension / A family of nouns with the same fixed endings. Latin has five noun declensions, but we have studied only the first three.
Direct object / Receives the action of the verb. In Latin, direct objects are in the accusative case.
Gender / Latin nouns are masculine, feminine, or neuter. Gender is an inherent part of a noun and must be memorized as part of the noun.
Imperative / A command. It may be positive or negative. Only used in the 2nd person.
Indirect object / Show to whom or for whom the action of a sentence is intended. Often seen with a verb of giving, saying, showing, or telling.
Indicative / The mood of verbs in objective statements.
Infinitive / The present active infinitive is the second principal part of a verb. The “to…” form. It is the verb without any inflected endings.
Inflection / The changing of words to express different grammatical uses.
Interjection / A part of speech that may stand alone. It expresses emotion or a reaction.
Linking verb / Functions like an equal sign. It ‘equalizes’ a subject and a predicate noun or adjective. It cannot take a direct object.
Macron / A mark over a vowel to indicate length.
Mood / An extremely complicated topic. We have learned two moods: the imperative (command) and the indicative. If it isn’t in the imperative, then it is indicative. That is all you need to know.
Nominative / The case used to indicate subjects, predicate adjectives, and predicate nominatives.
Noun / A person (Caecilius / vir), place (villa), thing (poculum), or idea/quality (veritas)
Number / Singular or plural
Object of preposition / The noun or pronoun following a preposition. The preposition and noun/pronoun make up a prepositional phrase. The object of the preposition will be in the accusative or ablative case.
Person / 1st person refers to the speaker (I/we). 2nd person refers to the person to whom the speaker is speaking (you). 3rd person refers to someone about whom the speaker is speaking (he/she/it/they)
Predicate nominative/noun, adjective / Follows a linking verb. Must be in the nominative case.
Preposition / Prepositions show relationships between words in the sentence. Prepositions in Latin are followed by a noun or a pronoun in the accusative or ablative case.
Pronoun / Takes the place of a noun. It may be declined. This year, we have learned the forms of “I” and “you” in the singular and plural.
Subject / The performer of the action in a sentence (with an active verb). In Latin, the subject is indicated by the nominative case.
Tense / Indicates when an action took place. Latin has six tenses: the present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, future perfect, and pluperfect.
Vocative / Case of direct address
Voice / If the subject does the action of the verb, the verb is said to be in the active voice. If the subject has the action of the verb done to it, the verb is said to be in the passive voice.
II. Nouns A. Cases & Grammatical functions
Nominative is used for subjects and predicate nouns & adjectives. N.B. Predicate nouns and adjectives follow linking verbs, e.g. sum esse fuī futurus “to be.”
Genitive provides the noun stem, quantity/partitive and shows possession.
e.g. oculī monstrī flammās emittēbant. The eyes of the monster were sending out flames.
turba ancillārum ā Quīntō fūgērunt. The crowd of slave-girls fled from Quintus.
Dative is used for indirect objects: indirect objects answer the questions to whom/what or for whom or what something is given, shown, told etc. N.B. Verbs obstō, appropinquō, promittō, studeō, pareō, resistō, confidō, noceō, persuadeō, praesum, faveō, placeō and crēdō take a direct object in the dative case.
Certain adjectives require the dative case in order to complete their meaning in phrases, e.g. necesse, decorum, facile, difficile, commodum, fidelis.
Accusative is used for direct objects: direct objects answer the questions whom or what after the action verb. The accusative case is also used as the object of many prepositions.
apud among/at the house of post behind/after
ad to prope near
per through in + Acc. into/onto
ante before
Ablative case is used with certain prepositions “sidspace.” N.B. Ab and ex appear before nouns that start with a vowel; a and e appear before nouns that start with a consonant.
sine without sub under
in in, on pro in front of
dē about, down from ā/ab away from
cum with
ē/ex out of, from
Vocative is used for direct address. Fill in rules for forming the vocative case
1. For most nouns, the vocative is the same as the nominative
2. For 2nd declension nouns ending in -us, the vocative ends in e
For 2nd declension nouns ending in -ius, the vocative ends in ī
3. The vocative case often appears with the imperative mood of the verb.
4. Give the singular and plural vocative for son filī (singular) filiī(plural)
5. Give the vocative for Rufus Rufe
B. Fill in the following charts with the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th declension endings.
Nouns of the first declensions are generally feminine gender;
second declension nouns are masculine and neuter gender;
third declension nouns are masculine , feminine, and neuter genders;
fourth declension nouns are masculine and neuter ; and
fifth declension nouns are generally feminine gender.
From a noun’s principal parts, determine the declension from the genitive singular and the stem/base.
Neuter nouns have the same endings in the nominative and accusative cases
the nominative and accusative plural always end in the letter a ; and
neuter nouns are found in the 2nd , 3rd and 4th declensions.
Decline the following nouns:
/ donum / canis / flumen // Singular / Plural / Singular / Plural / Singular / Plural /
Nominative / donum / dona / canis / canēs / flumen / flumina
Genitive / donī / donōrum / canis / canum / fluminis / fluminum
Dative / donō / donīs / canī / canibus / fluminī / fluminibus
Accusative / donum / dona / canem / canēs / flumen / flumina
Ablative / donō / donīs / cane / canibus / flumine / fluminibus
Vocative / donum / dona / canis / canēs / flumen / flumina
/ manus / cornu / effigies /
/ Singular / Plural / Singular / Plural / Singular / Plural /
Nominative / manus / manūs / cornū / cornua / effigiēs / effigiēs
Genitive / manūs / manuum / cornūs / cornuum / effigiēī / effigiērum
Dative / manuī / manibus / cornū / cornibus / effigiēī / effigiēbus
Accusative / manum / manūs / cornū / cornua / effigiem / effigiēs
Ablative / manū / manibus / cornū / cornibus / effigiē / effigiēbus
Vocative / manus / manūs / cornū / cornua / effigiēs / effigiēs
III. Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns
Remember that an adjective must agree with the noun that it modifies in number,
gender, and case. There are two categories of adjectives: -us, -a, -um adjectives
use the endings of 1st and 2nd declension. -is, -is, -e adjectives use 3rd declension endings and
change the ablative singular to ī and genitive plural to ium. N.B. Adjectives do not have to agree
with the nouns they describe in declension.
Give the masculine, feminine, and neuter forms of laetus, laeta,, laetum and crudelis, crudelis, crudele
/ Masculine of laetus / Feminine of laetus / Neuter of laetus // Singular / Plural / Singular / Plural / Singular / Plural /
Nominative / laetus / laetī / laeta / laetae / laetum / laeta
Genitive / laetī / laetōrum / laetae / laetārum / laetī / laetōrum
Dative / laetō / laetīs / laetae / laetīs / laetō / laetīs
Accusative / laetum / laetōs / laetam / laetās / laetum / laeta
Ablative / laetō / laetīs / laetā / laetīs / laetō / laetīs
/ Masculine of crudelis / Feminine of crudelis / Neuter of crudelis /
/ Singular / Plural / Singular / Plural / Singular / Plural /
Nominative / crudelis / crudelēs / crudelis / crudelēs / crudele / crudelia
Genitive / crudelis / crudelium / crudelis / crudelium / crudelis / crudelium
Dative / crudelī / crudelibus / crudelī / crudelibus / crudelī / crudelibus
Accusative / crudelem / crudelēs / crudelem / crudelēs / crudele / crudelia
Ablative / crudelī / crudelibus / crudelī / crudelibus / crudelī / crudelibus
Give the correct form of laetus and crudelis to describe the underlined noun. Remember agreement rules – same case, number, and gender. N.B. It does not necessarily mean same ending!
Happy Cruel
1. Quintus _____ erat. laetus crudelis
2. cives _____ leones spectant. laetī crudelēs
3. mercator feminis _____ togas monstravit. laetīs crudelibus
4. Quintus Clementem _____ liberavit. laetum crudelem
5. Quintus Clementi _____ pecuniam dedit. laetō crudelī
6. Grumio ancillae _____ basium dedit. laetae crudelī
7. ancilla _____ Grumionem quoque amat. laeta crudelis
8. Salvius ancillas _____ vituperavit. laetās crudelēs
9. Salvius servo _____ cibum non dedit. laetō crudelī
10. servus e villā Salvii _____ effugit. laetī crudelis
Adjectives have 3 degrees: positive, comparative, superlative. Give the appropriate translations:
e.g. notus well known notior more well known notissimus very well known
celer quick celerior quicker celerrimus quickest
IV. Pronouns
Fill in the chart below with the correct form of each personal pronoun and their meanings:
Nominative Singular / ego – I / tu – you / Reflexive — self /Genitive Singular / XXXXXX / XXXXXXX / sui
Dative Singular / mihi / tibi / sibi
Accusative Singular / mē / tē / sē
Ablative Singular / mē / tē / sē
Nominative Plural / nōs / vōs
Genitive Plural / XXXXXXX / XXXXXXXX
Dative Plural / nōbīs / vōbīs / sibi
Accusative Plural / nōs / vōs / sē
Ablative Plural / nōbīs / vōbīs / sē
Relative clauses are introduced by relative pronouns. Relative pronouns refer back to the antecedent, a noun which came before. Relative clauses provide more information about the antecedent. They are
translated as who, whose, whom, that, or which.
Relative pronouns agree with their antecedent in number and gender only.
They take their case from how it is used in the relative clause.
Fill in the chart with the forms of the relative pronoun.
/ Singular / Plural // Masculine / Feminine / Neuter / Masculine / Feminine / Neuter /
Nominative / quī / quae / quod / quī / quae / quae
Genitive / cuius / cuius / cuius / quōrum / quārum / quōrum
Dative / cui / cui / cui / quibus / quibus / quibus
Accusative / quem / quam / quod / quōs / quās / quae
Ablative / quō / quā / quō / quibus / quibus / quibus
hic, haec, hoc and ille, illa, illud are demonstratives. They can be used as quibus, which
means they modify a noun, or as pronouns, which means they take the place of a noun . In
both cases, they follow the same rule as adjective agreement, which states that modify nouns in number, gender, and case . hic, haec, hoc is translated as
this or these; ille, illa, illud is translated as that or those.
Write out the forms of hic, haec, hoc and ille, illa, illud in the charts below.
/ Masculine / Feminine / Neuter / Masculine / Feminine / Neuter /Nominative / hic / haec / hoc / ille / illa / illud
Genitive / huius / huius / huius / illius / illius / illius
Dative / huic / huic / huic / illī / illī / illī
Accusative / hunc / hanc / hoc / illum / illam / illud
Ablative / hōc / hāc / hōc / illō / illā / illō
Nominative / hī / hae / haec / illī / illae / illa
Genitive / hōrum / hārum / hōrum / illōrum / illārum / illōrum
Dative / hīs / hīs / hīs / illīs / illīs / illīs
Accusative / hōs / hās / haec / illōs / illās / illa
Ablative / hīs / hīs / hīs / illīs / illīs / illīs
Tell the case, number, and gender of the demonstrative(s) in each sentence. Then translate.
1. Rufilla hanc ancillam semper vituperat, sed illos servos saepe laudat.
Acc, fem, sing / acc, masc, pl: Rufilla scolds this slave-girl; but she often praise those slaves.
2. Bregans in hāc villā habitare non vult.
Abl, fem, sing: Bregans does not want to live in this house.
3. Quintus his templis appropinquavit.
Dat, neuter, pl: Quintus neared those temples.
4. Clemens haec templa non visitavit sed semper ad illud templum Isidis venit.
Acc, neuter, pl; acc, neuter sing: Clemens did not visit those temples, but he always comes/came (no long mark, so how do I know?) to that temple of Isis.
5. haec puella semper libros legit sed ille puer numquam legit.
Fem, nom, sing/ masc, nom, sing: This girl always reads books; but that boy never reads.
is, ea, id is the personal pronoun. It is used to replace a noun. It must have