Knowledge of Anatomy, Physiology & Pathology for Complementary Therapies

Aromalyne Training

Level 3 Diploma in Aromatherapy (VTCT)

Level 3 diploma in Aromatherapy

Module 15

knowledge of anatomy, physiology & Pathology for complementary therapies

THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY WORKBOOK

Name: …………………………………………………………

Blood

What is blood? …………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………..

What are the functions of blood?

List the composition of blood:

Complete the following chart:

Type / Structure / Function
Erythrocytes
Leucocytes
(Granulocytes)
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
(Agranulocytes)
Monocytes
Platelets

Blood Plasma

What is blood plasma and where it is found in the body?

What is its function?

Structure of Blood Plasma

Plasma consists of …………………The other ……………consists of the following:

Complete the chart below:

Component / Description / Function
Water / Acts as a solvent and suspending medium for carrying other substances. Also absorbs, transports and releases heat
Proteins / Albumins – contribute to the osmotic pressure of blood and transport fatty acids, some lipid-soluble hormones and certain drugs
Globulins – transport lipids, hormones and some mineral salts and function in defence (immunoglobulins), produced by lymphocytes)
Fibrinogen – functions in blood clotting
Electrolytes / Maintain osmotic pressure, pH buffering and regulation of membrane permeability. Also serve as essential minerals
Nutrients / amino acids, glucose, glycerol, fatty acids
Regulatory substances / enzymes & hormones
Gases
Wastes

The Heart

Location

Where is the heart located? ……………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………

Function

What is the function of the heart? ………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………

Structure

The heart is surrounded by a muscular wall. Complete the following chart:

Layer of heart muscle / Structure / Function
A triple layered sac. Fibrous tissue on outer layer and double walled serous pericardium on the inner layer which is filled with serous fluid.
It contracts to pump blood.
Endocardium / Allows the smooth flow of blood in the heart.

The heart is divided into ……………… chambers.

Complete the following chart indicating the names of each chamber:

How many valves does the heart have? ……………………………………………..

Name them:

What is their function? …………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

Complete the following:

The tricuspid valve and bicuspid valve lie between the ……………………….

and ……………………………………………

The pulmonary semilunar valve and aortic semilunar valve lie between the

…………………………….. and …………………………………………………..

What is the function of the septum? ……………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………..

Why are the chamber walls of the left ventricle much thicker than those of the right?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

Please label the following diagram. You can use the labels below to help you.

Superior vena cavaArch of aortaPulmonary artery

Right pulmonary arteryRight pulmonary veins

Left pulmonary arteryLeft pulmonary veins

Aortic valvePulmonary valveRight Atrioventricular valve

SeptumAortaLeft Atrioventricular valve

Inferior vena cavaPapillary muscle

1.8.

2.9.

3.10.

4.11.

5.12.

6.13.

7.14.

15.

Cardiac Cycle

Describe the passage of blood through the heart by completing the following:

Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart from the body via the …………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………

into the ………………………………………… At the same time, oxygenated blood

is returned to the heart from the lungs via the …………………………………………

into the left atrium. When the right atrium is full of deoxygenated blood, it spills

into the ………………………………………….. through the …………………………

When the left atrium is full of oxygenated blood, it spills into the …………………..

……………………through the ……………………………………..

This phase is called: ……………………………………………………………..

Relaxed cardiac muscle – the heart fills with blood under low pressure from the

veins.

When the ……………………………………….. is full, its walls contract, forcing

…………………………….…… blood out through the ……………………………………

into the ………………………………………………. and onto the lungs.

When the …………………………………………… is full, its walls contract, forcing

……………………………………. blood through the …………………………………..

into the …………………………….. and out to the body.

This phase is called: …………………………………………………………………….

Contracting cardiac muscle – the heart chambers empty themselves of blood.

Explain briefly the function of the sinoatrial node (SA):

Explain briefly the function of the atrioventricular node (AV):

Blood Pressure

What is blood pressure? …………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

How is it measured and where? …………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

A normal blood pressure is considered to be: …………………………………………

What does this figure mean?

The top figure shows:
The bottom figure measures:

List the factors affecting blood pressure:

What is the name of the condition in which deposits on linings of artery walls obstructs the flow of blood causing the arteries to harden?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

What is the name of the condition in which arterial walls become thicker and less elastic?

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

Describe coronary heart disease:

Control of blood pressure by nerves

Nerves control the diameter of blood vessels. Describe what happens in the following situations:

If blood pressure is too low
If blood pressure is too high

Pulse Rate

What is the pulse rate and where can it be measured?

How is the pulse rate connected to the heart rate?

Control of blood pressure by nerves

Nerves control the diameter of blood vessels. Describe what happens in the following situations:

If blood pressure is too low
If blood pressure is too high

Below is a list of factors that affect pulse/heart rate. Give a short description of how it is affected next to each one.

Factors
Exercise
Emotion
Age
Gender
Drugs
Temperature
Position

Describe the following:

Tachycardia
Bradycardia

Control of heart rate by hormones

List the hormones that can increase heart rate:

Circulation of Blood

Pulmonary & Systemic Circulation

Complete the following chart illustrating pulmonary and systemic circulation.

Pulmonary arteriesRight atriumLeft atrium

Pulmonary veinsLeft ventricleRight ventricle

Vena cavaCapillary beds of lungs

Aorta and branchesCapillary beds of body tissues

1.6.

2.7.

3.8.

4.9.

5.10.

Complete the following sentences:

Pulmonary circulation: the …………………………………… of the heart receives

……………………………………………. from the………………………………………

and pumps it to the …………………………… where it is …………………………

Systemic circulation: the …………………………………. of the heart receives

………………………………………. from ……………………………………………

and pumps it to …………………………………………

Coronary Circulation

Complete the following chart illustrating the heart’s own blood vessels:

Superior vena cavaLeft coronary arteryRight coronary artery

Inferior vena cavaBranch of right coronary artery

Arch of aortaBranch of left coronary artery

Pulmonary artery

1.5.

2.6.

3.7.

4.8.

Complete the following sentences:

……………………………………………… passes through the ……………………….

from the ……………………………………… It divides at the ………………………..

……………………………………………………………… and branches within the

heart wall to form a vast network of …………………………………………………..

What is the function of the coronary circulation system?

Cardiac muscle can contract without the need of a nerve supply from the brain provided it has a sufficient oxygen supply.

TRUE or FALSE

Hepatic Portal Circulation

What is the function of this system?

Name the two main blood vessels that enter the liver:

Name the veins that drain deoxygenated blood into the hepatic portal vein:

Complete the following chart:

Please see page 335 of Ruth Hull A&P book.

Blood vessels

Complete the following charts:

Vessel / Structure / Function
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
Vessel / Transports Blood From / Transports Blood To
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Veins
Venules

How exercise affects the circulatory system

What type of exercise elevates cardiac output and accelerates metabolic rate?

………………………………………………………………………………………….

Give some examples of this type of exercise.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………..

What increases the oxygen demand of muscles?

………………………………………………………………………………………..

In what way does aerobic exercise affect the circulatory system?

………………………………………………………………………………………..

Briefly describe blood shunting: