Kin-biased conspecific brood parasitism in a native mandarin duck population

Ye Gonga, b,Rebecca T. Kimballb, Colette St. Maryb, Xiang Cuia, Lin Wangc,YunleiJiangd, HaitaoWanga,*

aSchool of Life Sciences, Jilin Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, 5268 RenminStreet,Changchun 130024, China.

bDepartment of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.

cKey Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology,Ministry of Education, Institute of GrasslandScience,Northeast Normal University, 5268 RenminStreet,Changchun 130024, China.

dAnimal’s Scientific and Technological Institute, Agricultural University ofJilin, 2888Xincheng Street, Changchun130118, China.

* Correspondence: H. T. Wang, School of Life Sciences, Jilin Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, China. E-mail: Telephone: 0086-0431-85709635. Fax:0086-0431-85098191

Locus / n / No. of alleles / Heterozogosity / Polymorphic information content (PIC) / Frequency of null allele / Pexclution
Expected(HE) / Observed(HO)
Apt008 / 505 / 9 / 0.831 / 0.814 / 0.808 / 0.010 / 0.490
Haml12 / 506 / 5 / 0.320 / 0.328 / 0.297 / -0.019 / 0.052
Smo4 / 505 / 31 / 0.939 / 0.907 / 0.935 / 0.017 / 0.779
Cmaat28 / 495 / 15 / 0.845 / 0.857 / 0.829 / -0.01 / 0.534
Cmaat35 / 504 / 14 / 0.731 / 0.736 / 0.697 / -0.009 / 0.345
Bisi11 / 503 / 11 / 0.846 / 0.853 / 0.827 / -0.004 / 0.524
Bisi15 / 506 / 11 / 0.712 / 0.741 / 0.669 / -0.025 / 0.307
Bisi16 / 505 / 7 / 0.757 / 0.753 / 0.719 / -0.002 / 0.358
Total exclusionary power = 0.993

Table S1 Locus variability of eight microsatellite loci for mandarin ducks sampled 2012-2014

Fig. S1 Numbers of mismatched loci between nesting females and her genetic offspring, parasitic offspring and unassigned offspring based on likelihood analysis in CERVUS. In our alternative maternity assignment estimate using mismatches, we reclassified “parasitic” ducklings that had only a single mismatch as genetic offspring, and considered all ducklings with two or more mismatches as parasitic

Table S2 Samples and maternity assignment (ducklings separated into 2 category: host offspring and parasitic offspring) using mismatches. Using this alternative classification, numbers of parasitic offspring (33.7% of 469 offspring) and parasitic nest (70% of 40 nests) were similar to the results based on likelihood analysis

Sample size
and maternity assignment / Year / All years
2012 / 2013 / 2014
Number of females / 9 / 17 / 19 / 371
Number of ringed females2 / 6 / 14 (2) / 17(6) / 37
Number of nests / 9 / 13 / 18 / 40
Parasitic nests / 6 / 10 / 12 / 28
Genetic offspring / 76 / 89 / 146 / 311
Parasitic offspring / 24 / 46 / 88 / 158

Fig. S2Relatedness of parasitic offspring to host mother and relatedness of the host mother to offspring in other nests (not her genetic offspring) using the mismatch assignments. Using this data, relatedness of host mothers and the parasitic ducklings in their nest (mean ± SE = 0.064 ± 0.013) was significantly higher than that of host mothers

and the ducklings in other nests（mean ± SE = 0.020 ± 0.003；ANOVA: F1,4138 = 4.999, P = 0.025). Distance between nests was not significant (F1, 4138 = 0.398, P = 0.528).In addition, mean relatedness of host-parasite pairs (mean ± SE = 0.085 ± 0.013) was also higher than that of the pairs of the rest of the population using mismatched method (mean ± SE = 0.012 ± 0.013) but not significantly (P = 0.064, N = 25). There was also no evidence of a trade–off when parasitism was found (e.g., the presence of parasitic eggs did not negatively affect the number of host eggs in a nest) using mismatch assignments (r = –0.084, P = 0.670, n = 28)

Fig. S3Correlationship between clutch size and hatching success of mandarin ducks