Electronic Supplementary Material

Policies and support in relation to LCA

Indicator selection in life cycle assessment to enable decision making: issues and solutions

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Key Input data for the hand dishwashing LCA model

Raw materials dishwashing liquid

Included / Excluded
Fatty alcohol ethoxy sulphate, petrochemical / Perfume
Amine oxide / Dye
Ethanol / Polymer
Propylene glycol / Phenoxyethanol
Sodium chloride
Sodium hydroxide
Water

No LCI data for 2.2% of ingredients on water free basis.

Formulation

571 MJ electricity from grid/ton produced

Reference: Franke M, Klueppel and Olschewski P; 1995; Oekobilanzierung – Sachbilanz fuer die Waschmittel-Konfektionierung, Tenside Surf. Det. 32 (6): 508-514

Packaging

1100 mL PET bottle (43 g PET bottle, 3.8 g PP cap)

Excluded paper label and transport packaging

Distribution

Assume 500 km transport by truck

Use

Assume 10L hot water use, heated from 15°C to 40°C. 25% of consumers use an electrical boiler and 75% use a natural gas boiler to heat water. Energy calculation using water enthalpy. Assume UCTE electricity.

End of Life

Sewage treatment:

Apply waste water treatment model as presented in Saouter and Van Hoof (2001)
Reference: Saouter E and Van Hoof G, 2002, A Database for the Life-Cycle Assessment of Procter & Gamble Laundry Detergents, Int J LCA 7 (2):103-114

Packaging disposal:

EU waste scenario (24.8% recycling of PET/PP, remaining waste is landfilled and incinerated (60.4% and 39.6% respectively). Cut-off approached used for recycling

Table SI1 Characterized and normalized endpoint results for 1 use of hand dishwashing product using ReCiPe v1.07

CHARACTERIZED RESULTS / NORMALIZED RESULTS
Human Health / Ecosystems / Resources / Human Health / Ecosystems / Resources
TOTAL / 2.04E-07 / 9.24E-10 / 6.26E-03 / TOTAL / 1.01E-05 / 5.10E-06 / 2.03E-05
Climate change Human Health / DALY / 1.55E-07 / Climate change Human Health / person.yr / 7.67E-06
Ozone depletion / DALY / 3.11E-11 / Ozone depletion / person.yr / 1.54E-09
Human toxicity / DALY / 2.67E-08 / Human toxicity / person.yr / 1.32E-06
Photochemical oxidant formation / DALY / 7.15E-12 / Photochemical oxidant formation / person.yr / 3.54E-10
Particulate matter formation / DALY / 2.23E-08 / Particulate matter formation / person.yr / 1.10E-06
Ionising radiation / DALY / 6.24E-10 / Ionising radiation / person.yr / 9.10E-13
Climate change Ecosystems / species.yr / 8.77E-10 / Climate change Ecosystems / person.yr / 4.84E-06
Terrestrial acidification / species.yr / 1.55E-12 / Terrestrial acidification / person.yr / 8.54E-09
Freshwater eutrophication / species.yr / 2.25E-12 / Freshwater eutrophication / person.yr / 1.24E-08
Terrestrial ecotoxicity / species.yr / 9.70E-13 / Terrestrial ecotoxicity / person.yr / 5.35E-09
Freshwater ecotoxicity / species.yr / 6.62E-13 / Freshwater ecotoxicity / person.yr / 3.65E-09
Marine ecotoxicity / species.yr / 1.36E-13 / Marine ecotoxicity / person.yr / 7.50E-10
Agricultural land occupation / species.yr / 1.20E-11 / Agricultural land occupation / person.yr / 6.62E-08
Urban land occupation / species.yr / 7.26E-12 / Urban land occupation / person.yr / 4.01E-08
Natural land transformation / species.yr / 2.22E-11 / Natural land transformation / person.yr / 1.23E-07
Metal depletion / $ / 0.000211723 / Metal depletion / person.yr / 6.88E-07
Fossil depletion / $ / 0.006045701 / Fossil depletion / person.yr / 1.96E-05

Table SI2 Contribution of midpoints in characterized and normalized endpoint results for 1 use of hand dishwashing product using ReCiPe v1.07

CHARACTERIZED RESULTS / NORMALIZED RESULTS
Human Health / Ecosystems / Resources / Human Health / Ecosystems / Resources
Climate change Human Health / % / 76% / Climate change Human Health / % / 76%
Ozone depletion / % / 0% / Ozone depletion / % / 0%
Human toxicity / % / 13% / Human toxicity / % / 13%
Photochemical oxidant formation / % / 0% / Photochemical oxidant formation / % / 0%
Particulate matter formation / % / 11% / Particulate matter formation / % / 11%
Ionising radiation / % / 0% / Ionising radiation / % / 0%
Climate change Ecosystems / % / 95% / Climate change Ecosystems / % / 95%
Terrestrial acidification / % / 0% / Terrestrial acidification / % / 0%
Freshwater eutrophication / % / 0% / Freshwater eutrophication / % / 0%
Terrestrial ecotoxicity / % / 0% / Terrestrial ecotoxicity / % / 0%
Freshwater ecotoxicity / % / 0% / Freshwater ecotoxicity / % / 0%
Marine ecotoxicity / % / 0% / Marine ecotoxicity / % / 0%
Agricultural land occupation / % / 1% / Agricultural land occupation / % / 1%
Urban land occupation / % / 1% / Urban land occupation / % / 1%
Natural land transformation / % / 2% / Natural land transformation / % / 2%
Metal depletion / % / 3% / Metal depletion / % / 3%
Fossil depletion / % / 97% / Fossil depletion / % / 97%

Table SI3 Normalized midpoint results vs. 2 reference systems and ranking from large to small for 1 use of hand dishwashing product using ReCiPe v1.07

EU population / Global Population / Ranking using EU population / Ranking using Global population
Climate change / 9.87E-06 / 1.60E-05 / 7 / 7
Ozone depletion / 5.38E-07 / 3.15E-07 / 16 / 16
Terrestrial acidification / 7.76E-06 / 6.98E-06 / 8 / 8
Freshwater eutrophication / 1.22E-04 / 1.75E-04 / 1 / 4
Marine eutrophication / 2.70E-06 / 3.71E-06 / 13 / 12
Human toxicity / 6.44E-05 / 3.25E-04 / 5 / 1
Photochemical oxidant formation / 3.45E-06 / 3.74E-06 / 12 / 11
Particulate matter formation / 5.75E-06 / 6.09E-06 / 10 / 10
Terrestrial ecotoxicity / 7.87E-07 / 9.93E-07 / 15 / 14
Freshwater ecotoxicity / 7.06E-05 / 1.78E-04 / 4 / 3
Marine ecotoxicity / 9.10E-05 / 3.19E-04 / 3 / 2
Ionising radiation / 6.09E-06 / 2.89E-05 / 9 / 5
Agricultural land occupation / 2.21E-07 / 1.84E-07 / 17 / 17
Urban land occupation / 8.63E-07 / 4.53E-07 / 14 / 15
Natural land transformation / 1.22E-04 / 1.64E-06 / 2 / 13
Metal depletion / 4.15E-06 / 6.67E-06 / 11 / 9
Fossil depletion / 2.35E-05 / 2.84E-05 / 6 / 6

Table SI4 Normalized endpoint results vs. 2 reference systems and midpoint contribution to each endpoint for 1 use of hand dishwashing product using ReCiPe v1.07

Normalized results / Contribution to endpoint
EU population / Global Population / EU population / Global Population
Human Health / Climate change Human Health / 7.67E-06 / 1.15E-05 / 76% / 76%
Ozone depletion / 1.54E-09 / 2.31E-09 / 0% / 0%
Human toxicity / 1.32E-06 / 1.98E-06 / 13% / 13%
Photochemical oxidant formation / 3.54E-10 / 5.30E-10 / 0% / 0%
Particulate matter formation / 1.10E-06 / 1.65E-06 / 11% / 11%
Ionising radiation / 3.09E-08 / 4.63E-08 / 0% / 0%
Ecosystems / Climate change Ecosystems / 4.84E-06 / 9.56E-07 / 95% / 95%
Terrestrial acidification / 8.54E-09 / 1.69E-09 / 0% / 0%
Freshwater eutrophication / 1.24E-08 / 2.46E-09 / 0% / 0%
Terrestrial ecotoxicity / 5.35E-09 / 1.06E-09 / 0% / 0%
Freshwater ecotoxicity / 3.65E-09 / 7.21E-10 / 0% / 0%
Marine ecotoxicity / 7.50E-10 / 1.48E-10 / 0% / 0%
Agricultural land occupation / 6.62E-08 / 1.31E-08 / 1% / 1%
Urban land occupation / 4.01E-08 / 7.92E-09 / 1% / 1%
Natural land transformation / 1.23E-07 / 2.42E-08 / 2% / 2%
Resources / Metal depletion / 6.88E-07 / 8.64E-07 / 3% / 3%
Fossil depletion / 1.96E-05 / 2.47E-05 / 97% / 97%

Table SI5 Characterized midpoint results for 1 use of hand dishwashing product using ReCiPe v1.07

Impact category / Unit / Total / Raw materials / Formulation / Packaging / Distribution / Use / End of Life
Climate change / kg CO2 eq / 1.11E-01 / 3.16E-03 / 3.79E-04 / 6.72E-04 / 3.77E-04 / 1.06E-01 / 2.01E-05
Ozone depletion / kg CFC-11 eq / 1.18E-08 / 2.49E-10 / 1.86E-11 / 3.51E-11 / 5.96E-11 / 1.15E-08 / 5.79E-13
Terrestrial acidification / kg SO2 eq / 2.67E-04 / 1.68E-05 / 1.58E-06 / 2.29E-06 / 1.14E-06 / 2.45E-04 / 3.49E-08
Freshwater eutrophication / kg P eq / 5.06E-05 / 9.02E-07 / 3.75E-07 / 2.52E-07 / 3.36E-08 / 4.90E-05 / 8.31E-09
Marine eutrophication / kg N eq / 2.73E-05 / 1.22E-05 / 1.06E-07 / 1.02E-07 / 5.88E-08 / 1.48E-05 / 3.87E-09
Human toxicity / kg 1,4-DB eq / 3.81E-02 / 9.50E-04 / 2.45E-04 / 2.23E-04 / 4.42E-05 / 3.66E-02 / 6.04E-06
Photochemical oxidant formation / kg NMVOC / 1.83E-04 / 1.63E-05 / 7.92E-07 / 2.02E-06 / 1.74E-06 / 1.63E-04 / 1.84E-08
Particulate matter formation / kg PM10 eq / 8.56E-05 / 4.94E-06 / 4.98E-07 / 8.07E-07 / 5.02E-07 / 7.89E-05 / 1.11E-08
Terrestrial ecotoxicity / kg 1,4-DB eq / 6.45E-06 / 2.40E-07 / 2.85E-08 / 6.05E-08 / 6.46E-08 / 6.05E-06 / 8.31E-10
Freshwater ecotoxicity / kg 1,4-DB eq / 7.68E-04 / 1.58E-05 / 5.28E-06 / 4.48E-06 / 9.47E-07 / 7.42E-04 / 1.19E-07
Marine ecotoxicity / kg 1,4-DB eq / 7.71E-04 / 1.74E-05 / 5.22E-06 / 4.67E-06 / 1.15E-06 / 7.42E-04 / 1.19E-07
Ionising radiation / kg U235 eq / 3.81E-02 / 4.88E-04 / 2.99E-04 / 1.69E-04 / 3.57E-05 / 3.71E-02 / 6.21E-06
Agricultural land occupation / m2a / 9.98E-04 / 5.04E-05 / 4.90E-06 / 4.06E-05 / 1.44E-06 / 9.01E-04 / 1.15E-07
Urban land occupation / m2a / 3.51E-04 / 1.11E-05 / 1.19E-06 / 3.55E-06 / 4.59E-06 / 3.30E-04 / 2.75E-08
Natural land transformation / m2 / 1.97E-05 / 4.89E-07 / 4.04E-08 / 9.43E-08 / 1.36E-07 / 1.89E-05 / 1.12E-09
Water depletion / m3 / 1.17E-02 / 2.50E-05 / 3.07E-06 / 3.39E-06 / 1.41E-06 / 1.17E-02 / 6.54E-08
Metal depletion / kg Fe eq / 2.96E-03 / 2.00E-04 / 4.50E-06 / 4.04E-05 / 1.77E-05 / 2.70E-03 / 3.62E-07
Fossil depletion / kg oil eq / 3.66E-02 / 2.01E-03 / 1.03E-04 / 3.49E-04 / 1.32E-04 / 3.40E-02 / 2.58E-06