Keeley, Beier, and Gagnon: Supplementary Material

Keeley, Beier, and Gagnon: Supplementary Material

Figure S1. The observed long-distance path (pink squares) and 7 paths of the same topology rotated around the center point of the observed path.

a) Elk, Expert opinion model

b) Elk, RSF model

c) Elk, SSF model

d) Bighorn sheep: Expert opinion model

e) Ewes: RSF model

f) Ewes: SSF model

g) Rams: RSF model

h) Rams: SSF model

Figure S2. Color maps of all resistance surfaces.

Table S1. Coding of landscape variables for land cover types (elk).

Landcover type / Forest / Shrub/ Scrub / Open / Riparian / Developed:medium-high / Developed: open
Agricultural-Close Grown Crop / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0
Agricultural-Fallow/Idle Cropland / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0
Agricultural-Pasture and Hayland / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0
Agricultural-Row Crop / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0
Agricultural-Wheat / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0
Agricultural-Orchard / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Barren / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0
Sparse Vegetation / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0
Alpine Dwarf-Shrubland/Meadow / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0
Developed-High Intensity / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0
Developed-Medium Intensity / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0
Developed-Roads / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0
Developed-Low Intensity / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
Developed-Upland Deciduous Forest / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
Developed-Upland Evergreen Forest / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
Developed-Upland Mixed Forest / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
Developed-Upland Shrubland / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
Developed-Upland Herbaceous / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
Ponderosa Pine Forest, Woodland and Savanna / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Pinyon-Juniper Woodland / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Juniper Woodland and Savanna / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Juniper-Oak / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Aspen Forest, Woodland, and Parkland / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Aspen-Mixed Conifer Forest and Woodland / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Douglas-fir-Grand Fir-White Fir Forest and Woodland / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Douglas-fir-Ponderosa Pine-Lodgepole Pine Forest and Woodland / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Spruce-Fir Forest and Woodland / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Conifer-Oak Forest and Woodland / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Chaparral / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Grassland / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0
Grassland and Steppe / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0
Introduced Annual and Biennial Forbland / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0

Table S1, continued

Landcover type / Forest / Shrub/ Scrub / Open / Riparian / Developed: medium-high / Developed: open
Western Herbaceous Wetland / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0
Western Riparian Woodland and Shrubland / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0
Introduced Riparian Vegetation / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0
Mountain Mahogany Woodland and Shrubland / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Deciduous Shrubland / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Big Sagebrush Shrubland and Steppe / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Low Sagebrush Shrubland and Steppe / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
BlackbrushShrubland / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Salt Desert Scrub / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Sand Shrubland / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Greasewood Shrubland / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Creosotebush Desert Scrub / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Desert Scrub / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Mesquite Woodland and Scrub / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Succulent Desert Scrub / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0

Table S2. Coding of landscape variables for land cover types (bighorn sheep)

landcover type / Creosote / Desert scrub and chaparral / Grassland / Riparian / Sparse / Developed: open / Developed: medium-high
Creosotebush Desert Scrub / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Desert Scrub / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Mesquite Woodland and Scrub / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Chaparral / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Grassland / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Introduced Annual Grassland / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Introduced Perennial Grassland / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Introduced Annual and Biennial Forbland / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Grassland and Steppe / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Western Riparian Woodland and Shrubland / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0
Introduced Riparian Vegetation / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0
Sparse Vegetation / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0
Barren / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0
Quarries-Strip Mines-Gravel Pits / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0
Developed-Low Intensity / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0
Developed-Medium Intensity / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
Developed-High Intensity / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
Developed-Roads / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
Developed-Upland Herbaceous / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0
Developed-Upland Shrubland / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 0

Table S3 Pearson correlation between habitat covariates (elk).

elev / slope / north / east / dtr / dth / forest / shrub / open / dev: open / dev: m-h / rip
elevation / 1
slope / 0.14 / 1
northness / -0.03 / -0.13 / 1
eastness / -0.08 / -0.06 / 0.04 / 1
distance to roads / -0.17 / 0.27 / -0.02 / 0.00 / 1
distance to highways / -0.39 / 0.01 / 0.02 / 0.02 / 0.24 / 1
forest / 0.47 / 0.18 / -0.10 / -0.12 / -0.03 / -0.22 / 1
shrub / -0.34 / -0.11 / 0.02 / 0.03 / 0.04 / 0.13 / -0.57 / 1
open / -0.23 / -0.08 / 0.09 / 0.11 / 0.03 / 0.16 / -0.49 / -0.32 / 1
developed: open / 0.04 / -0.03 / -0.01 / 0.00 / -0.06 / -0.10 / -0.09 / -0.06 / -0.05 / 1
developed:medium-high / 0.03 / -0.03 / -0.01 / 0.00 / -0.08 / -0.09 / -0.08 / -0.05 / -0.05 / -0.01 / 1
riparian / 0.01 / -0.01 / 0.02 / 0.02 / -0.01 / 0.01 / -0.17 / -0.12 / -0.10 / -0.02 / -0.02 / 1

Table S4. Pearson correlation between habitat covariates (bighorn sheep).

elev / slope / north / east / rug / tpi / solar / dtw / dtr / dth / sparse / creo / desert / grass / dev: mh / dev: open / rip
elevation / 1
slope / 0.30 / 1
northness / -0.06 / -0.01 / 1
eastness / -0.02 / 0.02 / 0.03 / 1
ruggedness / 0.15 / 0.49 / 0.00 / 0.01 / 1
topographic position index / 0.24 / 0.72 / 0.00 / 0.01 / 0.40 / 1
solar insolation / 0.24 / -0.14 / -0.67 / -0.03 / -0.11 / -0.08 / 1
distance to water / 0.48 / -0.07 / -0.05 / 0.08 / -0.08 / -0.07 / 0.18 / 1
distance to roads / -0.10 / 0.28 / 0.09 / 0.02 / 0.21 / 0.20 / -0.13 / -0.24 / 1
distance to highways / -0.03 / 0.17 / 0.10 / 0.08 / 0.12 / 0.13 / -0.08 / -0.10 / 0.28 / 1
sparse / -0.10 / -0.03 / -0.03 / 0.03 / -0.01 / -0.02 / 0.00 / -0.08 / 0.01 / -0.03 / 1
creosote / -0.42 / 0.13 / 0.00 / -0.05 / 0.10 / 0.11 / -0.18 / -0.30 / 0.12 / 0.05 / -0.11 / 1
desert scrub / 0.54 / -0.01 / -0.05 / -0.06 / -0.04 / -0.01 / 0.18 / 0.41 / -0.17 / -0.16 / -0.10 / -0.57 / 1
grassland / 0.20 / 0.13 / 0.01 / -0.01 / 0.07 / 0.11 / 0.02 / -0.04 / -0.01 / 0.20 / -0.03 / -0.16 / -0.14 / 1
developed: medium-high / -0.04 / -0.07 / -0.02 / -0.02 / -0.05 / -0.07 / 0.01 / -0.01 / -0.10 / -0.09 / -0.02 / -0.10 / -0.08 / -0.02 / 1
developed: open / -0.06 / -0.06 / -0.01 / -0.02 / -0.04 / -0.05 / 0.00 / -0.03 / -0.07 / -0.08 / -0.01 / -0.07 / -0.07 / -0.02 / -0.01 / 1
riparian / -0.08 / -0.08 / 0.02 / 0.01 / -0.03 / -0.07 / -0.03 / -0.04 / -0.02 / -0.02 / -0.03 / -0.17 / -0.15 / -0.04 / -0.03 / -0.02 / 1

Table S5. Resistance values for elk from expert opinion. From: Beier, P., D. Majka, and E. Garding. 2008. Arizona Missing Linkages: Munds Mountain – Black Hills Linkage Design.

Factor Weights
Landcover / 75
Distance from roads / 25
Land cover / Resistance Values
Pine-oak Forest and Woodland / 1
Pinyon-Juniper Woodland / 1
Ponderosa pine Woodland / 1
Juniper Savanna / 1
Chaparral / 4
Creosotebush- White Bursage Desert Scrub / 9
Creosotebush- Mixed Desert and Thorn Scrub / 9
Desert Scrub (misc) / 8
Mesquite Upland Scrub / 7
Paloverde-Mixed Cacti Desert Scrub / 8
Riparian Woodland and Shrubland / 2
Mixed Bedrock Canyon and Tableland / 9
Agriculture / 7
Developed, Medium - High Intensity / 10
Developed, Open Space - Low Intensity / 7
Distance from Roads (m) / Resistance Values
0-100 / 9
100-200 / 8
200-400 / 6
400-1000 / 5
1000-2000 / 2
2000-15000 / 1

Table S6. Resistance values for desert bighorn sheep from expert opinion. From: Beier, P., and D. Majka. 2006. Arizona Missing Linkages: US-93: Wickenburg to Santa Maria River Linkage Design.

Factor Weights
Land Cover / 30
Elevation / 10
Topography / 50
Distance from Roads / 10
Land Cover / Resistance Values
Pine-Oak Forest and Woodland / 9
Pinyon-Juniper Woodland / 9
Juniper Savanna / 8
Semi-Desert Grassland and Steppe / 5
Chaparral / 9
Creosotebush-White Bursage Desert Scrub / 6
Sonoran Mid-elevation Desert Scrub / 2
Mesquite Upland Scrub / 7
Paloverde-Mixed Cacti Desert Scrub / 3
Riparian Mesquite Bosque / 9
Riparian Woodland and Shrubland / 9
Volcanic Rock Land and Cinder Land / 7
Recently Mined or Quarried / 10
Agriculture / 10
Developed, Medium - High Intensity / 10
Developed, Open Space - Low Intensity / 10
Open Water / 10
Elevation (ft) / Resistance Values
Elevation range: 0-2950 / 2
2950-3300 / 1
3300-7000 / 3
7000-11000 / 7
Topographic Position / Resistance Values
Canyon Bottom / 8
Flat - Gentle Slopes / 7
Steep Slopes / 5
Ridgetop / 1
Distance from roads (m) / Resistance Values
0-1000 / 6
1000-15000 / 2

Table S7. Results of the univariate scaling analysis (yearling male elk). The scale with the lowest AIC ranking was retained for the full model.

Variable / scale / β / SE(β) / z value / Pr(>|z|) / Log Likelihood / AIC / Δi
elevation / 2h / 0.161 / 0.181 / 0.889 / 0.374 / -3151 / 6305 / 0
16h / 0.001 / 0.005 / 0.134 / 0.893 / -4245 / 8494 / 2189
8h / 0.002 / 0.004 / 0.500 / 0.617 / -4447 / 8897 / 2592
4h / 0.004 / 0.004 / 0.858 / 0.391 / -4555 / 9115 / 2810
slope / 2h / 0.004 / 0.004 / 0.858 / 0.391 / -4555 / 9115 / 0
4h / -0.045 / 0.004 / -11.671 / 0.000 / -4918 / 9841 / 726
8h / -0.042 / 0.004 / -11.251 / 0.000 / -4924 / 9851 / 736
16h / -0.039 / 0.004 / -10.690 / 0.000 / -4930 / 9865 / 750
northness / 2h / 0.315 / 0.161 / 1.962 / 0.050 / -4686 / 9376 / 0
16h / 0.228 / 0.097 / 2.353 / 0.019 / -4924 / 9853 / 477
8h / 0.246 / 0.084 / 2.921 / 0.003 / -4935 / 9874 / 498
4h / 0.253 / 0.080 / 3.143 / 0.002 / -4941 / 9886 / 510
eastness / 16h / -0.219 / 0.036 / -6.110 / 0.000 / -4971 / 9946 / 0
8h / -0.202 / 0.036 / -5.538 / 0.000 / -4975 / 9953 / 7
4h / -0.185 / 0.037 / -4.975 / 0.000 / -4977 / 9959 / 13
2h / -0.103 / 0.030 / -3.410 / 0.001 / -4984 / 9972 / 26
distance / 16h / 0.000 / 0.001 / 0.544 / 0.586 / -4715 / 9434 / 0
to roads / 8h / 0.001 / 0.001 / 0.946 / 0.344 / -4732 / 9469 / 35
4h / 0.001 / 0.001 / 1.059 / 0.289 / -4767 / 9538 / 104
2h / -0.103 / 0.030 / -3.410 / 0.001 / -4984 / 9972 / 538
distance / 2h / -0.005 / 0.002 / -2.899 / 0.004 / -3715 / 7433 / 0
to / 16h / -0.003 / 0.001 / -2.765 / 0.006 / -3877 / 7759 / 326
highways / 8h / -0.005 / 0.002 / -2.349 / 0.019 / -4127 / 8258 / 825
4h / -0.007 / 0.003 / -2.159 / 0.031 / -4254 / 8513 / 1080
forest / 4h / -0.422 / 0.066 / -6.374 / 0.000 / -4969 / 9943 / 0
8h / -0.359 / 0.064 / -5.636 / 0.000 / -4974 / 9952 / 9
2h / -0.282 / 0.055 / -5.162 / 0.000 / -4977 / 9957 / 14
16h / -0.250 / 0.061 / -4.104 / 0.000 / -4982 / 9967 / 24
shrub / 2h / 0.425 / 0.704 / 0.605 / 0.546 / -4766 / 9535 / 0
16h / 0.675 / 0.395 / 1.710 / 0.087 / -4862 / 9728 / 193
8h / 0.831 / 0.364 / 2.287 / 0.022 / -4896 / 9796 / 261
4h / 0.903 / 0.321 / 2.812 / 0.005 / -4916 / 9837 / 302
open / 16h / -3.929 / 2.239 / -1.755 / 0.079 / -4441 / 8886 / 0
8h / -4.024 / 2.342 / -1.718 / 0.086 / -4448 / 8901 / 15
4h / -4.116 / 2.422 / -1.700 / 0.089 / -4451 / 8905 / 19
2h / -4.088 / 2.463 / -1.660 / 0.097 / -4578 / 9160 / 274
developed: / 16h / -26.990 / 0.658 / -41.010 / 0.000 / -2848 / 5700 / 0
medium - / 8h / -24.380 / 0.665 / -36.648 / 0.000 / -3105 / 6214 / 514
high / 4h / -22.204 / 0.657 / -33.791 / 0.000 / -3279 / 6562 / 862
2h / -18.638 / 0.603 / -30.899 / 0.000 / -3520 / 7045 / 1345
developed: / 8h / 212.059 / 84.990 / 2.495 / 0.013 / -3097 / 6198 / 0
open / 4h / 236.228 / 108.236 / 2.183 / 0.029 / -3770 / 7544 / 1346
2h / 69.127 / 20.008 / 3.455 / 0.001 / -4400 / 8804 / 2606
16h / 343.487 / 178.258 / 1.927 / 0.054 / -5334 / 10671 / 4473

Table S7, continued.

Variable / scale / β / SE(β) / z value / Pr(>|z|) / Log Likelihood / AIC / Δi
riparian / 16h / 2.533 / 1.936 / 1.309 / 0.191 / -4808 / 9620 / 0
4h / 3.442 / 0.659 / 5.222 / 0.000 / -4822 / 9649 / 29
8h / 3.120 / 0.737 / 4.232 / 0.000 / -4828 / 9661 / 41
2h / 3.576 / 0.537 / 6.661 / 0.000 / -4835 / 9674 / 54

Table S8. Results of the univariate scaling analysis (bighorn sheep ewes). The scale with the lowest AIC ranking was retained for the full model.

Variable / Scale / Estimate / Std. Error / z value / Pr(>|z|) / Log Likelihood / AIC / Δi
elevation / 5h / 0.028 / 0.004 / 6.796 / 0.000 / -6661 / 13326 / 0
10h / 0.018 / 0.003 / 5.280 / 0.000 / -6692 / 13388 / 62
20h / 0.014 / 0.003 / 4.020 / 0.000 / -6636 / 14039 / 713
slope / 10h / 0.092 / 0.008 / 11.140 / 0.000 / -7375 / 14753 / 0
5h / 0.072 / 0.007 / 10.681 / 0.000 / -7840 / 15684 / 931
20h / 0.106 / 0.009 / 11.229 / 0.000 / -7018 / 16953 / 2200
northness / 20h / -0.065 / 0.082 / -0.791 / 0.429 / -8474 / 16953 / 0
10h / -0.056 / 0.081 / -0.692 / 0.489 / -8484 / 16973 / 20
5h / -0.038 / 0.078 / -0.482 / 0.630 / -8500 / 17005 / 52
eastness / 20h / -0.087 / 0.026 / -3.306 / 0.001 / -8550 / 17104 / 0
10h / -0.068 / 0.027 / -2.510 / 0.012 / -8552 / 17109 / 5
5h / -0.030 / 0.029 / -1.051 / 0.293 / -8555 / 17114 / 10
ruggedness / 20h / 61.585 / 6.673 / 9.229 / 0.000 / -7596 / 15195 / 0
10h / 53.049 / 5.591 / 9.488 / 0.000 / -7793 / 15591 / 396
5h / 41.581 / 4.066 / 10.226 / 0.000 / -8051 / 16105 / 910
solar / 5h / -0.014 / 0.012 / -1.206 / 0.228 / -7634 / 15273 / 0
insolation / 20h / 0.000 / 0.000 / 0.210 / 0.833 / -8427 / 16859 / 1586
10h / 0.000 / 0.000 / 0.411 / 0.681 / -8444 / 16893 / 1620
distance to / 20h / -0.032 / 0.156 / -0.203 / 0.839 / -6749 / 13503 / 0
permanent / 10h / -0.065 / 0.161 / -0.404 / 0.686 / -7123 / 14251 / 748
water / 5h / 0.000 / 0.000 / 0.605 / 0.545 / -8472 / 16947 / 3444
distance to / 20h / 0.001 / 0.001 / 2.308 / 0.021 / -7528 / 15061 / 0
roads / 10h / 0.003 / 0.001 / 2.724 / 0.006 / -7709 / 15422 / 361
5h / 0.005 / 0.001 / 3.892 / 0.000 / -7919 / 15842 / 781
distance to / 20h / -0.053 / 0.029 / -1.849 / 0.064 / -5812 / 11627 / 0
highways / 10h / -0.069 / 0.034 / -2.056 / 0.040 / -6217 / 12439 / 812
5h / -0.036 / 0.156 / -0.232 / 0.817 / -6748 / 13501 / 1874
sparse / 5h / 2.405 / 0.433 / 5.559 / 0.000 / -8405 / 16813 / 0
10h / 2.218 / 0.375 / 5.909 / 0.000 / -8422 / 16849 / 36
20h / 1.971 / 0.344 / 5.733 / 0.000 / -8442 / 16887 / 74
creosote / 20h / 2.785 / 0.805 / 3.462 / 0.001 / -7707 / 15417 / 0
10h / 2.653 / 0.797 / 3.330 / 0.001 / -7800 / 15605 / 188
5h / 2.359 / 0.766 / 3.080 / 0.002 / -7994 / 15992 / 575
desert / 20h / -1.230 / 0.086 / -14.245 / 0.000 / -8448 / 16900 / 0
scrub / 10h / -1.155 / 0.093 / -12.484 / 0.000 / -8473 / 16950 / 50
5h / -1.114 / 0.100 / -11.152 / 0.000 / -8489 / 16983 / 83
grassland / 20h / 4.645 / 0.806 / 5.760 / 0.000 / -8130 / 16263 / 0
10h / 6.719 / 0.871 / 7.713 / 0.000 / -8181 / 16365 / 102
5h / 9.071 / 1.259 / 7.207 / 0.000 / -8245 / 16495 / 232

Table S8, continued.

Variable / Scale / Estimate / Std. Error / z value / Pr(>|z|) / Log Likelihood / AIC / Δi
developed: / 20h / -130.475 / 19.000 / -0.067 / 0.947 / -5383 / 10770 / 0
medium- / 10h / -29.343 / 2.219 / -13.222 / 0.000 / -8437 / 16878 / 6108
high / 5h / -12.262 / 1.753 / -6.994 / 0.000 / -8513 / 17030 / 6260
developed: / 5h / -3.493 / 0.658 / -5.311 / 0.000 / -8536 / 17007 / 0
open / 20h / -6.472 / 0.948 / -6.831 / 0.000 / -8512 / 17028 / 21
10h / -4.861 / 0.773 / -6.288 / 0.000 / -8524 / 17052 / 45
riparian / 20h / -3.302 / 0.257 / -12.859 / 0.000 / -8431 / 16866 / 0
10h / -2.823 / 0.237 / -11.889 / 0.000 / -8457 / 16918 / 52
5h / -1.983 / 0.210 / -9.429 / 0.000 / -8502 / 17007 / 141

Table S9. Results of the univariate scaling analysis (bighorn sheep rams). The scale with the lowest AIC ranking was retained for the full model.

Variable / Scale / Estimate / Std. Error / z value / Pr(>|z|) / Log Likelihood / AIC / Δi
elevation / 5h / 0.020 / 0.005 / 4.384 / 0.000 / -3916 / 7836 / 0
10h / 0.015 / 0.004 / 3.838 / 0.000 / -3969 / 7942 / 106
20h / 0.010 / 0.003 / 2.758 / 0.006 / -3986 / 7976 / 140
slope / 20h / 0.088 / 0.010 / 8.897 / 0.000 / -4125 / 8254 / 0
10h / 0.077 / 0.009 / 8.575 / 0.000 / -4227 / 8458 / 204
5h / 0.068 / 0.008 / 8.082 / 0.000 / -4305 / 8614 / 360
northness / 20h / -0.035 / 0.036 / -0.953 / 0.340 / -4608 / 9219 / 0
5h / -0.014 / 0.038 / -0.366 / 0.714 / -4608 / 9220 / 1
10h / -0.021 / 0.037 / -0.562 / 0.574 / -4608 / 9220 / 1
eastness / 20h / -0.249 / 0.036 / -6.933 / 0.000 / -4584 / 9172 / 0
10h / -0.222 / 0.037 / -6.049 / 0.000 / -4589 / 9183 / 11
5h / -0.202 / 0.038 / -5.343 / 0.000 / -4594 / 9192 / 20
ruggedness / 20h / 59.953 / 8.689 / 6.900 / 0.000 / -4256 / 8516 / 0
10h / 52.042 / 7.163 / 7.265 / 0.000 / -4320 / 8645 / 129
5h / 45.106 / 5.598 / 8.058 / 0.000 / -4374 / 8752 / 236
solar / 20h / 0.000 / 0.000 / -0.082 / 0.935 / -4574 / 9152 / 0
insolation / 10h / 0.000 / 0.000 / 0.067 / 0.946 / -4581 / 9166 / 14
5h / 0.000 / 0.000 / 0.150 / 0.881 / -4587 / 9177 / 25
distance to / 20h / -0.111 / 0.064 / -1.747 / 0.081 / -3450 / 6904 / 0
permanent / 10h / -0.032 / 0.011 / -2.864 / 0.004 / -3613 / 7230 / 326
Water / 5h / -0.061 / 0.023 / -2.694 / 0.007 / -3731 / 7466 / 562
distance to / 20h / 0.001 / 0.001 / 1.126 / 0.260 / -4196 / 8397 / 0
roads / 10h / 0.002 / 0.001 / 1.112 / 0.266 / -4282 / 8567 / 170
5h / 0.003 / 0.003 / 0.997 / 0.319 / -4343 / 8690 / 293
distance to / 20h / -0.019 / 0.009 / -2.068 / 0.039 / -2949 / 5903 / 0
highways / 10h / -0.030 / 0.017 / -1.701 / 0.089 / -3057 / 6118 / 215
5h / -0.111 / 0.138 / -0.804 / 0.422 / -3195 / 6394 / 491
sparse / 5h / 2.277 / 0.261 / 8.713 / 0.000 / -4543 / 9090 / 0
10h / 2.140 / 0.223 / 9.590 / 0.000 / -4549 / 9102 / 12
20h / 1.858 / 0.210 / 8.840 / 0.000 / -4560 / 9125 / 35
creosote / 20h / 3.166 / 0.728 / 4.347 / 0.000 / -4338 / 8681 / 0
10h / 3.003 / 0.751 / 3.997 / 0.000 / -4381 / 8767 / 86
5h / 2.733 / 0.720 / 3.794 / 0.000 / -4420 / 8845 / 164
desert / 20h / -1.715 / 0.180 / -9.527 / 0.000 / -4558 / 9121 / 0
scrub / 10h / -1.535 / 0.197 / -7.791 / 0.000 / -4575 / 9154 / 33
5h / -1.407 / 0.206 / -6.820 / 0.000 / -4583 / 9170 / 49
grassland / 10h / 8.133 / 2.539 / 3.203 / 0.001 / -4451 / 8905 / 0
5h / 12.324 / 4.398 / 2.802 / 0.005 / -4452 / 8907 / 2
20h / 4.521 / 1.522 / 2.970 / 0.003 / -4452 / 8908 / 3
developed: / 20h / -4.423 / 1.180 / -3.749 / 0.000 / -4595 / 9194 / 0
medium- / 10h / -3.020 / 0.900 / -3.356 / 0.001 / -4600 / 9203 / 9
high / 5h / -2.396 / 0.802 / -2.987 / 0.003 / -4602 / 9208 / 14

Table S9, continued.

Variable / Scale / Estimate / Std. Error / z value / Pr(>|z|) / Log Likelihood / AIC / Δi
developed: / 10h / -1.633 / 0.500 / -3.263 / 0.001 / -4602 / 9208 / 0
open / 5h / -1.610 / 0.511 / -3.150 / 0.002 / -4602 / 9209 / 1
20h / -1.517 / 0.484 / -3.136 / 0.002 / -4602 / 9209 / 1
riparian / 20h / -0.829 / 0.185 / -4.479 / 0.000 / -4597 / 9199 / 0
10h / -0.719 / 0.185 / -3.898 / 0.000 / -4600 / 9204 / 5
5h / -0.577 / 0.185 / -3.113 / 0.002 / -4603 / 9210 / 11

Table S10. Habitat variables and AICc values of the top 10 resource selection candidate models for (a) yearling bull elk from May-June, (b) bighorn sheep ewes from July-March, and (c) bighorn sheep rams from July-March.

(a) Elk

top 10 models
habitat variable / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10
elevation / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x
slope / x / x / x / x / x / x
eastness / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x
northness / x / x / x / x / x / x / x
distance to roads / x / x / x / x / x / x
distance to highways / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x
forest / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x
shrub / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x
open / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x
developed: medium-high / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x
developed: open / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x
riparian / x / x / x / x / x / x / x
AICc / 15920.71 / 15921.16 / 15926.74 / 15943.53 / 15944.07 / 15946.65 / 15951.24 / 15953.75 / 15953.89 / 15958.09
ΔAICc / 0 / 0.45 / 6.03 / 22.82 / 23.36 / 25.94 / 30.53 / 33.04 / 33.18 / 37.38

(b) Bighorn sheep ewes

top 10 models
habitat variable / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10
elevation squared / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x
slope / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x
ruggedness / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x
distance to roads / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x
distance to highways / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x
developed: medium-high / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x
developed: open / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x
distance to water / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x
sparse vegetation / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x
creosote / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x
desert scrub / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x
grassland / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x
riparian / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x
ruggedness squared / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x
eastness / x / x / x / x / x / x / x
elevation / x / x / x / x / x / x
northness / x / x
insolation / x / x / x
AICc / 25959.53 / 25959.56 / 25961.16 / 25961.23 / 25961.44 / 25961.50 / 25964.05 / 25964.53 / 25965.67 / 25974.49
ΔAICc / 0 / 0.03 / 1.63 / 1.7 / 1.91 / 1.97 / 4.52 / 5 / 6.14 / 14.96

(c) Bighorn sheep rams

top 10 models
habitat variable / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10
elevation squared / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x
slope / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x
distance to roads / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x
distance to highways / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x
developed: open / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x
distance to water / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x
sparse vegetation / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x
creosote / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x
desert scrub / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x
grassland / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x
riparian / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x
ruggedness / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x
ruggedness squared / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x
developed: medium-high / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x / x
northness / x / x / x
insolation / x / x
eastness / x
elevation / x
AICc / 13533.21 / 13533.62 / 13534.53 / 13534.8 / 13534.89 / 13535.2 / 13535.91 / 13537.35 / 13538.96 / 13593.37
ΔAICc / 0 / 0.41 / 1.32 / 1.59 / 1.68 / 1.99 / 2.7 / 4.14 / 5.75 / 60.16

Table S11. Best resource selection model and step selection model for (a) yearling bull elk from May-June, (b) bighorn sheep ewes from July-March, and (c) bighorn sheep rams from July-March. The z-value = coefficient/SE.

(a) Elk

RSF / Step Selection Model
habitat variable / Best scale / Estimate / Std. Error / z value / Pr(>|z|) / Estimate / Std. Error / z value / Pr(>|z|)
elevation / 2 h/1430 m / -0.002 / 0.000 / -9.56 / < 2e-16 / 0.012 / 0.001 / 13.24 / < 2e-16
slope / 2 h/1430 m / -0.015 / 0.005 / -3.04 / 0.002 / -0.085 / 0.007 / -12.05 / < 2e-16
northness / 2 h/1430 m / 0.207 / 0.054 / 3.82 / 0.000 / 0.383 / 0.071 / 5.39 / 7.0E-08
eastness / 16 h/4705 m / -0.253 / 0.057 / -4.45 / 0.000 / -0.146 / 0.065 / -2.26 / 0.024
distance to roads / 16 h/4705 m / 0.0001 / 0.000 / 0.85 / 0.397 / - / - / - / -
distance to highways / 2 h/1430 m / 0.0001 / 0.000 / 7.69 / 0.000 / -0.001 / 0.0001 / -8.00 / 1.2E-15
forest / 4 h/2173 m / -4.50 / 0.360 / -12.50 / < 2e-16 / -0.842 / 0.301 / -2.80 / 0.005
shrub / 2 h/1430 m / -3.07 / 0.310 / -9.89 / < 2e-16 / 1.20 / 0.382 / 3.13 / 0.002
open / 16 h/4705 m / -4.43 / 0.377 / -11.77 / < 2e-16 / -2.18 / 0.356 / -6.14 / 8.5E-10
developed: medium-high / 16 h/4705 m / -28.67 / 0.822 / -34.86 / < 2e-16 / -20.58 / 0.549 / -37.50 / < 2e-16
developed: open / 8 h/2891 m / 63.58 / 2.91 / 21.86 / < 2e-16 / 53.54 / 1.681 / 31.85 / < 2e-16
riparian / 16 h/4705 m / -0.608 / 0.626 / -0.97 / 0.332 / 16.03 / 0.652 / 24.59 / < 2e-16

(b) Bighorn sheep ewes

RSF / Step Selection Model
habitat variable / Best scale / Estimate / Std. Error / z value / Pr(>|z|) / Estimate / Std. Error / z value / Pr(>|z|)
elevation squared / 5 h/1003 m / 0.00002 / 0.000 / 20.06 / <2e-16 / 0.00002 / 0.000 / 20.74 / < 2e-16
slope / 10 h/1679 m / 0.143 / 0.006 / 25.55 / <2e-16 / 0.214 / 0.012 / 17.99 / < 2e-16
ruggedness / 20 h/2396 m / -1022 / 30.93 / -33.06 / <2e-16 / -653 / 39.41 / -16.57 / < 2e-16
ruggedness squared / 20 h/2396 m / 46220 / 1464 / 31.57 / <2e-16 / 30210 / 1675 / 18.04 / < 2e-16
northness / - / - / - / - / - / 1.29 / 0.322 / 4.01 / 6.07E-05
eastness / 20 h/2396 m / 0.087 / 0.060 / 1.46 / 0.145
insolation / - / - / - / - / - / 0.00003 / 0.000 / 0.97 / 0.331
distance to roads / 20 h/2396 m / 0.002 / 0.000 / 13.64 / <2e-16 / 0.00013 / 0.000 / 0.58 / 0.560
distance to highways / 20 h/2396 m / -0.008 / 0.000 / -23.92 / <2e-16 / -0.002 / 0.000 / -10.11 / < 2e-16
developed: medium-high / 20 h/2396 m / -1.04 / 0.891 / -1.16 / 0.245 / -115.30 / 2.82 / -40.88 / < 2e-16
developed: open / 20 h/2396 m / 2.06 / 1.24 / 1.66 / 0.098 / 85.61 / 2.68 / 32.01 / < 2e-16
distance to water / 20 h/2396 m / -0.006 / 0.000 / -22.15 / <2e-16 / -0.004 / 0.000 / -20.55 / < 2e-16
sparse vegetation / 5 h/1003 m / 6.87 / 0.470 / 14.61 / <2e-16 / 13.87 / 0.852 / 16.29 / < 2e-16
creosote / 20 h/2396 m / 4.33 / 0.265 / 16.33 / <2e-16 / 4.04 / 0.374 / 10.79 / < 2e-16
desert scrub / 20 h/2396 m / 1.82 / 0.208 / 8.77 / <2e-16 / -1.41 / 0.277 / -5.08 / 3.82E-07
grassland / 20 h/2396 m / 6.51 / 0.497 / 13.09 / <2e-16 / 4.37 / 1.48 / 2.96 / 0.003
riparian / 20 h/2396 m / 4.09 / 0.404 / 10.12 / <2e-16 / -0.098 / 0.926 / -0.11 / 0.916

(c) Bighorn sheep rams

RSF / Step Selection Model
habitat variable / Best scale / Estimate / Std. Error / z value / Pr(>|z|) / Estimate / Std. Error / z value / Pr(>|z|)
elevation / - / - / - / - / - / -0.042 / 0.007 / -6.39 / 1.69E-10
elevation squared / 5 h/1366 m / 0.00002 / 0.000 / 14.81 / < 2e-16 / 0.000 / 0.000 / 8.24 / < 2e-16
slope / 20 h/2529 m / 0.12 / 0.008 / 14.01 / < 2e-16 / 0.157 / 0.025 / 6.42 / 1.41E-10
ruggedness / 20 h/2529 m / -1213 / 51.14 / -23.71 / < 2e-16 / -364 / 58.13 / -6.26 / 3.77E-10
ruggedness squared / 20 h/2529 m / 55130 / 2449 / 22.51 / < 2e-16 / 17180 / 2270 / 7.57 / 3.80E-14
northness / 20 h/2529 m / -0.21 / 0.197 / -1.05 / 0.296 / -0.184 / 0.585 / -0.32 / 0.753
eastness / - / - / - / - / - / 0.112 / 0.237 / 0.47 / 0.637
solar insolation / 20 h/2529 m / -0.00002 / 0.000 / -1.09 / 0.275 / -0.00003 / 0.000 / -0.56 / 0.578
distance to roads / 20 h/2529 m / 0.0006 / 0.000 / 3.38 / 0.001 / 0.001 / 0.000 / 2.78 / 0.005
distance to highways / 20 h/2529 m / -0.01 / 0.000 / -15.21 / < 2e-16 / -0.001 / 0.000 / -4.10 / 4.18E-05
developed: medium-high / 20 h/2529 m / 7.76 / 1.49 / 5.22 / 1.81E-07 / -169 / 7.41 / -22.84 / < 2e-16
developed: open / 10 h/1743 m / 8.27 / 1.30 / 6.35 / 2.09E-10 / 166 / 7.44 / 22.24 / < 2e-16
distance to water / 20 h/2529 m / -0.01 / 0.000 / -17.74 / < 2e-16 / -0.001 / 0.000 / -1.61 / 0.107
sparse vegetation / 5 h/1366 m / 14.19 / 0.855 / 16.59 / < 2e-16 / 29.64 / 1.51 / 19.59 / < 2e-16
creosote / 20 h/2529 m / 10.95 / 0.598 / 18.31 / < 2e-16 / 26.48 / 1.31 / 20.30 / < 2e-16
desert scrub / 20 h/2529 m / 6.10 / 0.561 / 10.87 / < 2e-16 / 15.61 / 1.23 / 12.68 / < 2e-16
grassland / 10 h/1743 m / 16.22 / 2.08 / 7.80 / 6.26E-15 / 17.07 / 1.72 / 9.91 / < 2e-16
riparian / 20 h/2529 m / 12.04 / 0.727 / 16.56 / < 2e-16 / 19.85 / 2.15 / 9.26 / < 2e-16

Table S12. Effect of function used to transform habitat suitability into resistance estimates, as indicated by ranks of observed paths in comparison to 49 random paths. Lower values indicate a better exponent.

a. Elk, expert opinion

Value of exponent c used to transform habitat suitability into resistance
animal ID / 0.25 / 0.5 / 1 / 2 / 4 / 8 / 16 / 32
I17_12a / 26 / 20 / 8 / 11 / 15 / 27 / 27 / 15
I17_12b / 30 / 30 / 27 / 26 / 22 / 21 / 21 / 24
I17_37a / 8 / 6 / 5 / 3 / 2 / 1 / 1 / 4
I40_110 / 45 / 41 / 41 / 40 / 40 / 38 / 33 / 25
I40_116a / 1 / 1 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 2 / 1 / 2
I40_116b / 37 / 28 / 22 / 15 / 15 / 21 / 32 / 36
260_263 / 32 / 32 / 27 / 22 / 23 / 23 / 26 / 28
SR64_20a1 / 33 / 36 / 38 / 35 / 30 / 29 / 30 / 25
SR64_20a2 / 39 / 28 / 23 / 26 / 30 / 34 / 22 / 40
MEAN / 27.9 / 24.7 / 21.3 / 20.0 / 20.0 / 21.8 / 21.4 / 22.1
STDEV / 14.4 / 13.4 / 14.1 / 13.3 / 12.6 / 12.8 / 12.3 / 13.0

b. Elk, resource selection

Value of exponent c used to transform habitat suitability into resistance
animal ID / 0.25 / 0.5 / 1 / 2 / 4 / 8 / 16 / 32
I17_12a / 10 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 25
I17_12b / 26 / 18 / 50 / 33 / 20 / 18 / 8 / 18
I17_37a / 17 / 28 / 28 / 26 / 28 / 38 / 36 / 9
I40_110 / 39 / 36 / 23 / 17 / 15 / 15 / 23 / 34
I40_116a / 10 / 13 / 15 / 15 / 20 / 23 / 26 / 10
I40_116b / 49 / 49 / 50 / 49 / 47 / 44 / 42 / 49
260_263 / 28 / 30 / 34 / 34 / 29 / 28 / 20 / 21
SR64_20a1 / 33 / 34 / 37 / 39 / 46 / 46 / 47 / 34
SR64_20a2 / 48 / 47 / 46 / 46 / 46 / 43 / 43 / 48
MEAN / 28.9 / 28.4 / 31.6 / 28.9 / 28.0 / 28.4 / 27.3 / 27.6
STDEV / 14.8 / 15.6 / 16.7 / 15.7 / 16.0 / 15.5 / 16.1 / 14.8

c. Elk, step selection

Value of exponent c used to transform habitat suitability into resistance
animal ID / 0.25 / 0.5 / 1 / 2 / 4 / 8 / 16 / 32
I17_12a / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 24
I17_12b / 22 / 14 / 15 / 15 / 10 / 10 / 4 / 18
I17_37a / 24 / 43 / 45 / 38 / 36 / 30 / 29 / 8
I40_110 / 40 / 37 / 24 / 21 / 20 / 23 / 28 / 39
I40_116a / 1 / 1 / 2 / 2 / 1 / 1 / 2 / 9
I40_116b / 49 / 49 / 48 / 45 / 36 / 19 / 15 / 49
260_263 / 26 / 26 / 27 / 27 / 30 / 31 / 26 / 21
SR64_20a1 / 34 / 38 / 40 / 46 / 47 / 46 / 46 / 34
SR64_20a2 / 46 / 46 / 46 / 44 / 39 / 38 / 38 / 48
MEAN / 27.0 / 28.3 / 27.6 / 26.6 / 24.4 / 22.1 / 21.0 / 27.8
STDEV / 17.5 / 18.8 / 18.5 / 17.9 / 17.1 / 15.9 / 16.3 / 15.5

d. Ewes, expert opinion

Value of exponent c used to transform habitat suitability into resistance
animal ID / 0.25 / 0.5 / 1 / 2 / 4 / 8 / 16 / 32
23 / 3 / 6 / 9 / 15 / 16 / 10 / 1 / 4
25 / 17 / 15 / 20 / 24 / 30 / 35 / 29 / 27
9700 / 12 / 20 / 32 / 36 / 39 / 31 / 5 / 8
198a / 19 / 5 / 2 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 31 / 32
198b / 8 / 9 / 17 / 24 / 31 / 31 / 4 / 5
206a / 10 / 4 / 3 / 2 / 2 / 2 / 6 / 31
206b / 39 / 36 / 35 / 23 / 19 / 22 / 30 / 36
9830b / 23 / 28 / 28 / 34 / 34 / 32 / 7 / 8
9830c / 6 / 8 / 8 / 7 / 10 / 10 / 8 / 11
MEAN / 15.2 / 14.6 / 17.1 / 18.4 / 20.2 / 19.3 / 13.4 / 18.0
STDEV / 11.0 / 11.3 / 12.5 / 13.0 / 14.1 / 13.7 / 12.6 / 13.2

e. Ewes, resource selection

Value of exponent c used to transform habitat suitability into resistance
animal ID / 0.25 / 0.5 / 1 / 2 / 4 / 8 / 16 / 32
23 / 2 / 10 / 14 / 18 / 17 / 15 / 13 / 13
25 / 22 / 20 / 17 / 17 / 4 / 17 / 2 / 3
9700 / 7 / 6 / 4 / 5 / 10 / 9 / 7 / 9
198a / 29 / 22 / 11 / 10 / 11 / 13 / 10 / 10
198b / 3 / 3 / 4 / 10 / 11 / 11 / 6 / 2
206a / 10 / 3 / 2 / 2 / 2 / 1 / 1 / 1
206b / 30 / 24 / 15 / 4 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
9830b / 6 / 7 / 8 / 11 / 11 / 12 / 10 / 10
9830c / 9 / 5 / 3 / 2 / 2 / 2 / 2 / 3
MEAN / 13.1 / 11.1 / 8.7 / 8.8 / 7.7 / 9.0 / 5.8 / 5.8
STDEV / 10.9 / 8.5 / 5.7 / 6.0 / 5.6 / 6.2 / 4.5 / 4.7

f. Ewes, step selection

Value of exponent c used to transform habitat suitability into resistance
animal ID / 0.25 / 0.5 / 1 / 2 / 4 / 8 / 16 / 32
23 / 12 / 11 / 15 / 20 / 16 / 15 / 13 / 13
25 / 22 / 19 / 17 / 13 / 4 / 2 / 2 / 3
9700 / 7 / 6 / 4 / 5 / 10 / 9 / 7 / 9
198a / 28 / 18 / 8 / 10 / 11 / 13 / 10 / 11
198b / 3 / 3 / 4 / 10 / 11 / 11 / 6 / 2
206a / 10 / 3 / 2 / 2 / 2 / 1 / 1 / 1
206b / 30 / 24 / 15 / 4 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
9830b / 6 / 6 / 9 / 10 / 13 / 12 / 10 / 10
9830c / 9 / 5 / 3 / 2 / 2 / 2 / 2 / 3
MEAN / 14.1 / 10.6 / 8.6 / 8.4 / 7.8 / 7.3 / 5.8 / 5.9
STDEV / 10.0 / 7.9 / 5.8 / 5.9 / 5.6 / 5.8 / 4.5 / 4.8

g. Rams, expert opinion

Value of exponent c used to transform habitat suitability into resistance
animal ID / 0.25 / 0.5 / 1 / 2 / 4 / 8 / 16 / 32
8 / 6 / 4 / 3 / 2 / 2 / 3 / 22 / 40
12 / 4 / 3 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 3 / 1 / 14
14 / 3 / 2 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 4 / 11
30 / 46 / 44 / 38 / 30 / 24 / 32 / 46 / 46
36 / 27 / 14 / 9 / 20 / 23 / 19 / 7 / 12
56 / 40 / 29 / 6 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 31 / 46
78 / 12 / 13 / 16 / 20 / 23 / 19 / 7 / 12
192 / 39 / 42 / 42 / 40 / 35 / 34 / 44 / 30
203 / 12 / 9 / 2 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 27 / 25
191a / 13 / 4 / 2 / 3 / 7 / 10 / 9 / 16
191b / 8 / 13 / 22 / 18 / 17 / 14 / 12 / 3
34a / 14 / 16 / 15 / 16 / 16 / 17 / 25 / 18
34b / 2 / 2 / 2 / 3 / 3 / 2 / 3 / 8
MEAN / 17.4 / 15.0 / 12.2 / 12.1 / 12.0 / 12.2 / 18.3 / 21.6
STDEV / 15.3 / 14.5 / 14.0 / 13.0 / 11.6 / 11.5 / 15.4 / 14.6

h. Rams, resource selection

Value of exponent c used to transform habitat suitability into resistance
animal ID / 0.25 / 0.5 / 1 / 2 / 4 / 8 / 16 / 32
8 / 29 / 22 / 12 / 5 / 4 / 5 / 3 / 4
12 / 14 / 14 / 10 / 8 / 8 / 10 / 1 / 2
14 / 6 / 3 / 2 / 4 / 4 / 4 / 4 / 4
30 / 44 / 42 / 32 / 12 / 8 / 6 / 5 / 3
36 / 33 / 32 / 23 / 14 / 4 / 1 / 1 / 1
56 / 41 / 41 / 36 / 20 / 5 / 1 / 1 / 4
78 / 10 / 10 / 10 / 7 / 4 / 1 / 1 / 1
192 / 26 / 20 / 6 / 2 / 3 / 2 / 2 / 2
203 / 5 / 3 / 2 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
191a / 8 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
191b / 3 / 2 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 7 / 4 / 2
34a / 13 / 10 / 12 / 11 / 12 / 11 / 10 / 14
34b / 6 / 5 / 5 / 9 / 6 / 5 / 3 / 3
MEAN / 18.3 / 15.8 / 11.8 / 7.5 / 4.9 / 4.2 / 2.8 / 3.2
STDEV / 14.4 / 14.6 / 11.6 / 5.7 / 3.0 / 3.5 / 2.6 / 3.4

i. Rams, step selection

Value of exponent c used to transform habitat suitability into resistance
animal ID / 0.25 / 0.5 / 1 / 2 / 4 / 8 / 16 / 32
8 / 28 / 21 / 10 / 5 / 4 / 4 / 3 / 4
12 / 14 / 14 / 10 / 8 / 9 / 1 / 1 / 2
14 / 5 / 4 / 1 / 4 / 4 / 4 / 4 / 4
30 / 44 / 42 / 29 / 11 / 7 / 6 / 5 / 3
36 / 33 / 32 / 19 / 11 / 4 / 1 / 1 / 1
56 / 43 / 29 / 36 / 15 / 3 / 1 / 1 / 4
78 / 10 / 10 / 10 / 5 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
192 / 26 / 20 / 6 / 2 / 3 / 2 / 2 / 2
203 / 5 / 3 / 2 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
191a / 8 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
191b / 3 / 2 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 7 / 4 / 2
34a / 13 / 10 / 12 / 11 / 12 / 11 / 11 / 15
34b / 6 / 5 / 5 / 8 / 5 / 5 / 3 / 3
MEAN / 18.3 / 14.8 / 11.0 / 6.5 / 4.5 / 3.5 / 2.9 / 3.3
STDEV / 14.7 / 13.1 / 11.0 / 4.5 / 3.2 / 3.1 / 2.8 / 3.7

Table S13. Results of linear mixed effects models to test for differences between the 8 transformations of each model (expert opinion, RSF, SSF).

Reference (Model, Transformation) / Model:Transformation / Estimate / t value / Pr(>|t|)
a. Ewes / EXP, c=0.25 / SSF:0.5 / 2138.0 / 0.272 / 0.785
SSF:1 / 7140.0 / 0.910 / 0.363
SSF:2 / 18607.0 / 2.371 / 0.018
SSF:4 / 46818.0 / 5.965 / 0.000
SSF:8 / 92948.0 / 11.843 / 0.000
SSF:16 / 144970.0 / 18.471 / 0.000
SSF:32 / 175500.0 / 22.361 / 0.000
RSF:0.5 / 2103.0 / 0.268 / 0.789
RSF:1 / 7081.0 / 0.902 / 0.367
RSF:2 / 18240.0 / 2.324 / 0.020
RSF:4 / 45300.0 / 5.772 / 0.000
RSF:8 / 78882.0 / 10.051 / 0.000
RSF:16 / 145765.0 / 18.573 / 0.000
RSF:32 / 176486.0 / 22.487 / 0.000
RSF, c=0.25 / SSF:0.5 / 34.7 / 0.004 / 0.997
SSF:1 / 58.9 / 0.006 / 0.995
SSF:2 / 367.4 / 0.037 / 0.970
SSF:4 / 1518.1 / 0.153 / 0.878
SSF:8 / 14066.6 / 1.419 / 0.156
SSF:16 / -794.6 / -0.080 / 0.936
SSF:32 / -985.9 / -0.099 / 0.921
b. Rams / EXP, c=0.25 / SSF:0.5 / 5266.1 / 0.842 / 0.400
SSF:1 / 13698.2 / 2.191 / 0.028
SSF:2 / 34608.3 / 5.535 / 0.000
SSF:4 / 81870.8 / 13.094 / 0.000
SSF:8 / 155614.5 / 24.888 / 0.000
SSF:16 / 220749.4 / 35.305 / 0.000
SSF:32 / 236775.5 / 37.868 / 0.000
RSF:0.5 / 850.6 / 0.136 / 0.892
RSF:1 / 8988.5 / 1.438 / 0.151
RSF:2 / 28015.2 / 4.481 / 0.000
RSF:4 / 73245.3 / 11.714 / 0.000
RSF:8 / 144832.5 / 23.163 / 0.000
RSF:16 / 216041.4 / 34.552 / 0.000
RSF:32 / 236135.6 / 37.765 / 0.000

Table S13, continued.

Reference (Model, Transformation) / Model:Transformation / Estimate / t value / Pr(>|t|)
Rams / RSF, c=0.25 / SSF:0.5 / 4415.4 / 0.706 / 0.480
SSF:1 / 4709.7 / 0.753 / 0.451
SSF:2 / 6593.0 / 1.054 / 0.292
SSF:4 / 8625.6 / 1.379 / 0.168
SSF:8 / 10782.0 / 1.724 / 0.085
SSF:16 / 4708.0 / 0.753 / 0.452
SSF:32 / 639.9 / 0.102 / 0.919
c. Elk / EXP, c=0.25 / SSF:0.5 / 6897.0 / 0.508 / 0.611
SSF:1 / 5484.0 / 0.404 / 0.686
SSF:2 / 16277.0 / 1.200 / 0.230
SSF:4 / 23251.0 / 1.714 / 0.087
SSF:8 / 11872.0 / 0.875 / 0.381
SSF:16 / 8623.0 / 0.636 / 0.525
SSF:32 / 9867.0 / 0.727 / 0.467
RSF:0.5 / 6770.0 / 0.499 / 0.618
RSF:1 / 5889.0 / 0.434 / 0.664
RSF:2 / 16228.0 / 1.196 / 0.232
RSF:4 / 27674.0 / 2.040 / 0.041
RSF:8 / 20558.0 / 1.515 / 0.130
RSF:16 / 18693.0 / 1.378 / 0.168
RSF:32 / 20576.0 / 1.517 / 0.129
RSF, c=0.25 / SSF:0.5 / 126.4 / 0.009 / 0.993
SSF:1 / -405.5 / -0.030 / 0.976
SSF:2 / 48.7 / 0.004 / 0.997
SSF:4 / -4423.9 / -0.326 / 0.744
SSF:8 / -8685.8 / -0.640 / 0.522
SSF:16 / -10070.5 / -0.742 / 0.458
SSF:32 / -10708.9 / -0.790 / 0.430