TITLE: Contagious yawning in domestic dog puppies (Canis lupus familiaris): The effect of ontogeny and emotional closeness on low-level imitation in dogs

JOURNAL NAME: Animal Cognition

Elainie Alenkær Madsena*, Tomas Perssonb

aDepartment of Semiotics, bDepartment of Cognitive Science, Lund University, Sweden

E-mail address of corresponding author:

Supplementary Material

TABLE 1Participant details (breed, name, sex and age) and performance on yawn and gape conditions with familiar (‘fam’) and unfamiliar (‘unfam’) models, and familiar and unfamiliar conditions collapsed

Breed / Name / Sex / Age (nearest
mts) / Yawns elicited
Yawn stimuli / Gape stimuli
All / Fam / Unfam / All / Fam / Unfam
Terrier (Westi) / Jamie / M / 4 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 2 / 2 / 0
Dachshund / Diaz / F / 4 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Retriever (labrador) / Chico / M / 4 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Labradoodle / Marley / M / 4 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Retriever (labrador) / Berta / F / 4 / 2 / 0 / 2 / 2 / 0 / 2
Spaniel (Brittany) / Dasha / F / 5 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Bernese Mountain Dog / Kenzo / M / 5 / 3 / 2 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0
Bulldog / Ina / F / 5 / 3 / 2 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 1
Poodle / Buzz / M / 5 / 3 / 0 / 3 / 3 / 2 / 1
Bulldog / Beouf / M / 5 / 5 / 3 / 2 / 1 / 1 / 0
Retriever (labrador) / Jack / M / 5 / 7 / 4 / 3 / 3 / 0 / 3
Brichon Frise / Egon / M / 6 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 2 / 0 / 2
Retriever (toller) / Fighter / M / 6 / 1 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0
Border Collie / Bella / F / 6 / 1 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0
Retriever (mix) / Milla / F / 7 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 2 / 2 / 0
Samoyed / Voodoo / M / 7 / 3 / 2 / 1 / 3 / 1 / 2
Bernese Mountain Dog / Møffe / F / 7 / 3 / 2 / 1 / 2 / 1 / 1
Mixed breed / Vigga / F / 7 / 4 / 2 / 2 / 1 / 0 / 1
Poodle / Buddha / M / 7 / 4 / 3 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 0
Welsh Corgi / Oskar / M / 8 / 2 / 2 / 0 / 3 / 3 / 0
Australian Shepherd / Bonzo / M / 8 / 3 / 2 / 1 / 2 / 1 / 1
German Shepherd / Pasha / F / 8 / 3 / 3 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Retriever (golden) / Kiki / F / 8 / 3 / 1 / 2 / 0 / 0 / 0
Dachshund / Humphrey / M / 8 / 4 / 0 / 4 / 0 / 0 / 0
Terrier (Westi) / Carlo / M / 8 / 4 / 2 / 2 / 1 / 0 / 1
Mixed breed / Max / M / 8 / 5 / 5 / 0 / 6 / 6 / 0
Terrier (Jack Russel) / Plet / M / 9 / 3 / 0 / 3 / 0 / 0 / 0
Alaskan Malamute / Tica / F / 9 / 3 / 1 / 2 / 1 / 0 / 1
Spaniel (Kooikerhondje) / Alfie / M / 9 / 3 / 1 / 2 / 1 / 0 / 1
Basset Hound / Alfred / M / 9 / 5 / 1 / 4 / 3 / 2 / 1
Retriever (labrador) / Emma / F / 10 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Weimaraner / Bily / M / 10 / 2 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0
Mixed breed / Sophie / M / 11 / 2 / 0 / 2 / 3 / 2 / 1
Retriever (labrador) / Buller / M / 11 / 3 / 0 / 3 / 1 / 0 / 1
Terrier (mix) / Nala / F / 14 / 8 / 6 / 2 / 4 / 3 / 1

TABLE 2 Order of presentation. All conditions were counterbalanced across participants (by means of Latin Squares, which yielded a total of four orders of presentation). Forty-six percent of dogs received a trial sequence with familiar experimenter first, and 54% with the unfamiliar experimenter). Forty-six percent received a trial with yawn stimuli presented before gape stimuli, and 54% received trials with gape stimuli presented prior to yawn stimuli

Name / Order: Familiarity / Order: Stimuli
Jamie / Known – Unknown / Yawn - Gape
Diaz / Known – Unknown / Yawn - Gape
Chico / Known – Unknown / Yawn - Gape
Marley / Known – Unknown / Yawn - Gape
Berta / Known – Unknown / Yawn - Gape
Dasha / Known – Unknown / Yawn - Gape
Kenzo / Known – Unknown / Yawn - Gape
Ina / Unknown – Known / Yawn - Gape
Buzz / Unknown – Known / Yawn - Gape
Beouf / Unknown – Known / Yawn - Gape
Jack / Unknown – Known / Yawn - Gape
Egon / Unknown – Known / Yawn - Gape
Fighter / Unknown – Known / Yawn - Gape
Bella / Unknown – Known / Yawn - Gape
Milla / Unknown – Known / Yawn - Gape
Voodoo / Unknown – Known / Yawn - Gape
Møffe / Known – Unknown / Gape - Yawn
Vigga / Known - Unknown / Gape - Yawn
Buddha / Known - Unknown / Gape - Yawn
Oskar / Known - Unknown / Gape - Yawn
Bonzo / Known - Unknown / Gape - Yawn
Pasha / Known - Unknown / Gape - Yawn
Kiki / Known - Unknown / Gape - Yawn
Humphrey / Known - Unknown / Gape - Yawn
Carlo / Known - Unknown / Gape - Yawn
Max / Unknown - Known / Gape - Yawn
Plet / Unknown - Known / Gape - Yawn
Tica / Unknown - Known / Gape - Yawn
Alfie / Unknown - Known / Gape - Yawn
Alfred / Unknown - Known / Gape - Yawn
Emma / Unknown - Known / Gape - Yawn
Bily / Unknown - Known / Gape - Yawn
Sophie / Unknown - Known / Gape - Yawn
Buller / Unknown - Known / Gape - Yawn
Nala / Unknown - Known / Gape - Yawn

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