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1998©K.B. WIJAYAKOON
frdau újdy kS;sh
újdyh hkq ñksia cSú;hl m%NdIajr lvbula jk w;r udkj YsIagdpdrfha uq, mgkau pdrs;%uh rS;Skaf.ka úfYAI fldg f.dvk.k ,o p¾hdjls' ulaksido th .eyeKshlf.a iy msrsñfhl=f.a cSú; flf¾ Rcqju n,mdk w;r Tjqkaf.ka cks; jk wkd.; mrmqfryso brKu ;SrKh lrhs; thskao fkdkej;S uqˆuy;a iudcl%uhgu n,mEï lrhs' tfyhskau kQ;kfha újdyhl wdrïNh;a wjidkh;a kS;sh úiska oeäf,i l%uj;a flfrk ;;ajhla mj;S' fuu újdy kS;Ska ms<no yeoErSfïoS bmerKs frdau újdy kS;sh ms<snojo wOHkh l<hq;= jkafka tu kS;Ska kQ;k újdy kS;Skag uQ,dYj mj;sk neúks' tfy;a frdau újdyh wo ;rï kS;sfhka iúia;r úkehs wfmaÌd l< fkdyel' wfkla w;g kQ;k újdyho idudcSh wx.hkaf.ka uqˆukskau uqla; fõoehs .eg¨jls' tys,d wod, kS;sl%u oaú;ajfhys ixikaOkd;aul ú.%yhla lrne,Su jà'
f,dalfha kQ;k újdy kS;Ska ms<sno úuiSfïoS uefjkafka kkaúO j¾Kfhka hq;a Ñ;%hls' tfy;a fuys,d m%Odkju ,dxlSh kS;sh;a iqˆ jYfhka weursldkq kS;sh;a muKla úuid nef,a' kQ;k ,xld kS;sfhaoS újdyhl wdrïNh i,l=Kq jkafka flfiao@ fur kS;sh ;+< m%Odk jYfhka újdyl%u ;%s;ajhla j,x.= újdy f,i ms<s.efka' tkï ,shdmosxÑ újdy" pdrs;%dkql+, újdy" iy ixjdyfhka yd m%isoaêfhka we;sjk újdy jYfhks' fuys m<uqjekak kS;sh úiska m%dudKslj l%uj;a lrk w;r uQ,sl jYfhka idudkH újdy wd{d mk;[1] u; n,meje;afõ' uqia,sïjre ioyd uqia,sï újdy yd oslalido mk;;[2]a Wv/áhka ioyd Wvrg újdy yd oslalido mk;;[3]a uQ,sl kS;shg wu;rj mj;S'
ixfYdaê; idudkH újdy kS;hg wkqj újdyhla weröu ioyd imqrd,sh hq;= iqÿiqlï rdYshls' tkï msrsñkaf.a wjqreÿ 18 ;a ia;%Skaf.a wjqreÿ 16 ;a úhhq;+ w;r iajleue;af;ka újdy jkafka kï wjqreÿ 21 g jeä úhhq;=h[4]' Bg wvq mqoa.,hkaf.a újdy ioyd mshd" uj" kS;shdkql+, Ndrlre fyda wêlrKh u.ska ,sÅ;j wkque;sh .; hq;=h[5]' ;ykï lr we;s md¾Yj[6] iu. újdy fkdúh yels w;r nyqNd¾hd fiajkh fyda nyqmqreI fiajkh fkdms<s.efka' újdywfmaÌlhd wod, frcsiagd¾ ld¾hd,h msysá n,m%foaYfha mosxÑh ikd: l<hq;=h' újdy ,shdmosxúfhaoS újdyh ms<sno oekqïoSu[7]" m%ldYh w;aika lsrSu[8]" oekaùï m<lsrSu[9]" iy úêu;a f,i W;aijdldrSj újdyhla meje;aùuo wjYH kshuhka f,i oelafõ' fuu lreKq fndfyduhlau wksl=;a újdy kS;Skago fmdÿh' Bg wu;r lreKq we;akï tajd fndfyduhla idudcSh" ixialD;sl iy wd.ñl lreKq weiqrefldg kS;shg we;=,a jQ oE h' uqia,sï kS;sfha byardj[10] Bg ksoiqkah' ls%ia;shdks újdy m,a,sfha mQcl ;ekg ,shdmosxÑ l< yelsh' Wvrg kS;sfha ìkak újdy iy oS. újdy jYfhka jk úfNaokho iudcSh Wm;la igyka lrk w;r kS;shg wu;rj tayd neÿKq kkaúO iïm%odhkaf.ka .ejiqfka fjhs'
furg ;;ajhg jvd yd;amiskau fjkia idudcSh iy kS;suh jgmsgdjlska fyì weursldkq iy hqfrdamSh újdy kS;Ska i,lk úg jhi wdoS uQ,sl iqÿiqlï j,g wu;rj ldhsl iy udkisl kSfrad.S;ajh ms<sno iy;sl" f,a mrSÌdjka ( blood test for venereal disease) mjd kS;s.;j mj;S[11]' ñka idOkh jkafka kQ;k újdyfha wdrïNh kS;sh úiska l%uj;a flfrk ;;ajhls' tfy;a ,xld kS;sfha pdrs;%dkql+, újdy wdoS wfkl=;a újdy l%u fndfydafldgu kS;sfhka fkdj idudcSh lreKq weiqfrka f.dvke.=Kla nj fmfka' 1822 iy 1847 oS újdy mk;a u.ska újdyh ioyd ,shdmosxÑh w;HdjYh flreKo th ,dxlSh iudc l%uh iu. fkd.e,mqKq neúka miqj bj;a lrk ,os' idudkH újdy wd{d mkf;yso ,shdmosxÑh w;HdjYH hehs fkdy.jhs' ta wkqj pdrs;%dkql+, újdyhla wêlrKfhka ms<s.efkk w;r tys,d pdrs;%dkql+, uyck W;aijhla meje;aúh hq;=h' tkï my;rg isxy,hka kï wvq ;rñka fmdarefõ pdrs;%j;a bgq l<hq;= w;r[12] øúv cd;slhka ;e,a, neoSu" ld,ï fyj;a n;a leùu wdoS wx. u.ska ;u újdyh i,l=Kq l< hq;=h' os.= l,la tlg cSj;a ùfuka j,x.= njg meñfKk ixjdifhka yd m%isoaêfha we;sjk újdyo j,x.= f,i ms<s.ekSug kï yqfola ixjdih muKla fkdj mQ¾j ux., ms<sfj;ao wkq.ukh l< njg idOl Tmamq l< hq;=h[13]' kv;a;= b,a,Sï wdoS kS;suh wfmaÌd fkdfõ kï j,x.= újdyhla ms<sno Wla; lreKq ms<snoj jqjo ie,ls,su;a ùug Wjukd fkdfõ' weursld tlai;a ckmofha iuyr m%dka;j, mjd jir 7 la fyda 14 la tlg cSj;a ùfuka miq ,shdmosxÑh rys;j jqjo újdyhla j,x.= jk nj weiSu;a tla w;lska mqÿuhg lreKls[14]s' ta wkqj kQ;k újdyfha kS;suh l%uj;a Ndjhg msgia;rj jqjo idudcSh lreKq u; újdhla weröug bvyir mj;sk nj m%ldY l< yelsh'
frdau újdy kS;sh i,lk úg ciaàkshka wêrcqf.a újdyh ms<sno wre;a ú.%yh fufiahs' "iajdëk fyda wkHdoSk fyda jqjo msrsñka hQfkdao jhia meñKs l,ayso .eyeKqka újdyhg iqÿiq jhia meñKs isá l,ayso mS;Dn,fha isáhjqka kï uy fl<ôhdf.a iyu;sh ,o l,ays frdau jeishka w;r kS;shdkql+,j we;sjkakd jQ tla neoSfuka isú,a kS;s újdyh we;s jkafkah'" th Justum Matrimonium kñ' Bg wkqj újdyfhys,d jhia iSud f,i msrsñkag wjqreÿ 14 ;a .eyeKqkag wjqreÿ 12 ;a fjhs' frdau kS;sh ;=< mS;Dn,h b;d jeo.;a wdh;khla jq neúka újdy ioyd uyfl<ôhdf.ka wjir .; hq;+h' tkï mshdf.ka fyda mshdf.a;a mshd cSj;aj isákï Tyqf.ka fyda wjir ,o hq;=h' Wu;= mS;D flfkl=f.a iyu;sh wkjYH hehs ciaákshka ;SrKh l< w;r hï mS;Djrfhl= fya;+ úrys;j leue;a; fkdoS isàkï ufyaia;%d;ajrfhl= ,jd újdy whs;sh ,nd.ekSug f,laia cq,shd wd{dfjka wjir ,eìKs' újdy fmdfrdkaÿ fyj;a iafmdkaid,shd(Sponsalia) ms<snoj frdau kS;sfha ;;ajh l,ska l,g fjkia úh' idïm%odhsl hq.fhaoS újdy fmdfrdakaÿ kS;sfhka j,x.= fkdjqK;a wêrdcH hq.fhaoS újdy .súi .ekSu ;yjqre lrkq msKsi mqreIhd fyda ldka;dj fyda fofofkdu fyda w;a;sldrï jYfhka hula oSfï ;;ajhla j¾Okh úh' fuh iudk jQfha fj<o .súiqul w;a;sldrughs' .súiqu lv l, whg tkhska ovqjula ,eìKs'
nyqNd¾hd l%uhg bvÿka njla frdau kS;sfha lsis;eklska jd¾:d fkdjQ w;r ;ykï md¾Yj w;r újdy oeä fia m%;sfÌam lrk ,os' fuu ;ykï md¾Yj fudkjdoehs frdau kS;sfha oS¾> ,hsia;=jlska hq;=j ú.%y fõ' uq,sl jYfhka wdfrdayKhka iy wjfrdayKhk[15]A w;r" orelug yod .ekSfuka we;sjk tnÿ ióm {d;S;sj w;r" iy md¾Yjhka w;r" fofokdg uõmsh fofokd fmdÿj fyda tla uõmsfhl= fmdÿj isák ifydaor ifydaorshka w;r" orelug yod.ekSfuka ifydaor ifydaorshka jk wh w;r" ifydaorhdf.a$ifydaorshf.a oshKsh$mq;d(Nephew/Niece) fyda uqKqmqrd$ñKsmsrsh w;r" flfkl=g ;u mshmd¾Yjfha fyda uõmd¾Yjfha kekaod$udud fyda l=vïud$ndmamd(Uncle/Aunt) w;r" udud$kekaod(Father in-law/Mother in-law) iy f,a,s$nEkd(Son in-law/Daughter in law) w;r" flfkl=g ;u iqˆ uj$iqˆ mshd iu.(Stepfather/Step mother)" flfkl=g ;u iqˆ oshKsh$iqˆ mq;d(Stepdaughter/Stepson) iu." flfkl=g ;u iqˆ ifydaor ifydaorshka(Stepbrother or Stepsister) iu. wdoS jYfhka újdy ùu ;ykï fjhs[16] 'kQ;k kS;sho ;ykï md¾Yj w;r újdy oeä wjOdrKfhka hq;=j neyer lrhss' fuu ;ykï md¾Yj yer fifkÜ iNslfhl=g jy,a ia;%shla fyda ksjy,a lrk ,o ia;%shla iu.o m%N+jrfhl=g ks<shla iu.;a ufyaia;%d;ajrfhl=g Tyqf.a n,m%foaYfha l=, l;la iu.;a jk újdyo frdau iudch úiska ms<s.kq ,oafoa ke;' l%sia;shdkska iy hqfoõjka w;r újdy ;ykïùu wd.ñl lreKq u; isÿjQjls' fuu iSudjka yqfola ;;ald,Sk frdau idudcSh wx. f,i ie,lsh yel'
;jo ciaàkshka olajk mrsos újdyùfï whs;sh frdau jeishkag iy mqrjeis nj ysñjQ ,eákajreka muKla iSudúh' fuu jrm%idoh Jus connubium kñ' frdau iudcfha nyq;r idudkH ck;djg fï wkqj j,x.= újdyhl whs;sh wysñ jQ w;r Tjqkaf.a j,x.= fkdjk újdy isÿùfïoS mq¾fjdala; ffk;sluh iSud wod, ù hehs is;sh fkdyel' tkhska iudcfha nyq;r msrsilf.a újdyh uqˆukskau idudcSh lreKq u; isÿjqKq nj fmfka' wfkla w;g j,x.= újdyhla iu.. neÿKq wksl=;a whs;Ska jk foam, whs;sh iy mS;Dn,hg wh;a fjk;a isú,a whs;Ska o Jus connubium fkdue;s whg ysñ fkdúKs' tfy;a kQ;k kS;sfha ,shdmosxÑh fkdue;s újdyo j,x.= újdy f,i ie,l=Kq w;r ,shdmosxÑh fkdue;s kuqÿ mkf;a ioyka wksl=;a m%;smdok iemrSu ffk;sluh wjYH;djla f,i ;jÿrg;a mej;sKs[17]' Bg wkqj frdau kS;sfha fukau kQ;k kS;sfha pdrs;%dkql+, újdyhlao uqˆukskau ffk;sluh neoSfuka uqla; hehs mejish fkdyel'
frdau kS;sfha újdyg idudcSh lreKq mqˆ,aj Wmhqla; jk wjia:djla jkafka mQ¾fjdala; wju iqÿiqlï msysgqùfuka miqj újdy isÿl< hq;= úêl%uh iïnkaOfhks' frdau újdy uQ,sl jYfhka udkqia (Manus) iy (Inmanus) jYfhka fohdldrh' udkqia újdy fldka‘rdáfhda(Conforreatio) " fldtïáfhda (Coemtio)" hqiqia (Usus) jYfhka ;jÿrg;a f;hdldrhls' fldka‘rdáfhda újdyh cqmsg¾ foúhkag lrk ;srs.= lejqï W;aijhla iys;j uqˆukskau wd.ñl pdrs;%dkql+,j isÿjq w;r m%N+ka 10 l= idlaIshg bosrsm;a úh hq;=h' idudkH ckhdf.a (Plebian) újdyh fldtïáfhda úh' fuh isÿjQfha ienúkau újdyhla f,i fkdj fj<o .Kqfkqjla f,ihs' mqreIhdf.a mS;DuQ,slhd ldka;djf.a mS;Duq,slhdf.ka wehj ñ,hg .kakd w;r fuu wjia:djg frdau mqrjeishka 5 l+ iy ;rdoshla w;ska .;a ,sysrsfmkaia (Lihiripens) hk úfYaI mqoa.,fhl= iyNd.Ss úh' frdau kS;sh hgf;a oshKsh mshdf.a pxp, fom, f,i ie,l=Kq neúka pxp, foam, ioyd wod, kS;sh hgf;a isÿjQ újdy hqiqia kñ' tysoS iajdñhd iu. yqfola wLkavj jirla cSj;a jQ ìrsoj tkhskau foam,la fia mqreIhdg whs;s úh' fuu újdy isÿùfïoS W;aijhla wksjd¾h ke;s kuqÿ ieñhdg wUqj NdroSu (traditio) iy wehj f.g leojdf.k hdu fyj;a vqlaáfhda bka fvdauQï hk wjia:djka úfYaI fldg i,lk ,os'
kQ;k kS;sfha ,shdmosxÑh wdoS úêu;a l%u iu. iiok úg by; frdau újdy l%uhka fndfyda ÿrg idudcSh lreKq weiqfrkau l%uj;a njg m;a jQ nj fmfka' udkqia újdyfha úl,amhla f,i miqld,Skj ckm%sh jk ksoyia újdy l%uho kS;shdkql+, jqjo ,sys,a tlla úh' idïm%odhsl wx. ,laIK m%lg flfrk ;j;a ,laIkhla jqfha oEjeos (Dos) l%uhhs' kS;sfhka oEjeoao oSu wjYH fkdjQ kuqÿ újdyhla isÿjqKq njg idlaIshla f,i tu odhdoh ms<s.eksKs'
fuu lreKq weiqfrys,d kQ;k újdyhl wdrïNh kS;sh u.ska l%uj;a lr we;s ;;ajhla idOkh jk w;r Bg idfmAÌj frdau újdyfha wdrïNh uQ,slj idïm%odhsl wd.ñl iy idudcSh lreKq weiqrefldg mj;sk nj fmfka' újdyfha wjidkh ms<snoj kQ;k iy frdau kS;skays fhoSï úuik úgo olakg yelafla funÿu ;;ajhls'
,xld idudkh kS;sfha újdyhla kS;suh jYfhka wjika lsrSu fyj;a oslalidoh f;hdldrhlg isÿl< yelsh' tkï idudkHh újdy mk; hgf;a ffjjdyl jrola Tmamq lsrSu[18] " wêlrKuh fjkaùula ,ndf.k wjqreÿ 2 ka miqj oslalido kvqjla mejrSu[19]" jdifhka iy ixjdifhka f;drj wjqreÿ 7la fjkaj jdih lsrSu[20] jYfhks' ffjjdyl jrola hkq ljrlaoehs ú.%y lrk kQ;k kS;sh md¾Yjhkaf.a wkdpdrh" oafõY iy.; w;ayer hdu" újdy jk wjia:dfõoS mej;s iqj l< fkdyels ,sx.sl fn,ySk;dj hk f;hdldr ;;ajhka olajhs' fuu ;;ajhkao kej; kej; iQÌu f,i ú.%y lrñka oslalidohla myiqfjka ,nd.; fkdyels jk wkaoug kQ;k kS;sh úiska m%;smdok i,iajd ;sfí' kQ;k wêlrKho yels;dla W;aiyd lrkafka oslalidoh je<elaùughs' uqia,sï újdyh hgf;a mqreIhdg ,nd.; yels oslalido iy ìrsog ,nd.; yels oslalido jYfhka foj¾.hls[21]s' tfukau oslalidoh ioyd oS¾> l%shdj,shla mj;S tfy;a Wvrg újdyh hgf;a idfmAÌ jYfhka oslalidoh ,eîu myiqh' weursldkq kS;sh wkqj oslalidoh jroldrS oslalidoh (Fault Divorce) iy jro rys; oslalidoh (No fault Divorce) f,i fohdldrhls' tys jro kue;s wjia:dj hgf;a Wu;=nj iy u;aøjh Ndú;h wdoS fya;=o bosrsm;a l< yelsh'
tfy;a frdau kS;sh ;=< oslalidoh fu;rï kS;suh nrm;<lu;a wdrEv lr.;af;a ke;' kS;sfhka iómj ksIaÑ; lrk ,oafoa ke;' udkqia újdyh hgf;a fldka‘rdáfhda l%uhg ;srs.= lejqï W;aijfhka újdy jQ whg ke;s lejqï W;aijh iys; â‘f¾áfhda (Diffarreatio) l%ufhka oslalido úh yelsh' fldtïáfhda újdy wjika jkafka iajdñmqreIhd kej;;a jHdc úlsKSula u.ska ìrsoj wdmiq-úlsKSsfuks' hqiqia l%uh ;=< ìrso jirlg osk 3 la fyda rd;%S 3 la ksjiska neyerj isáhfyd;a ^foam,la N=la;sfhka bj;a jkakd fia& tu újdyho wjika fjhs' hqiqia udkqia újdyhla fyhskao udkqia újdyfhaoS ìrso iy wef.a foam, ieñhdg ysñjk fyhskao wLkav foam, whs;shla ioyd tl, ldka;dfjda jirlg osk 3la ksjiska msgj isáhy' ksoyia újdyhla wjika lsrSu jvd;a ,sys,a l%uhhs' ta hgf;a fofokdf.au leue;af;ka(divortium bona gratia) fyda tla md¾Yjhla úiska wfkla md¾Yjh fj; ;uka újdyh wjika lrk nj idlaIslrejka 7 l= bosrsfhaoS ,shú,a,lska oekqïoSfuka (repudium)[22] ksoyia újdyh wjika fjhs' újdyh isÿjQfha wkafHdakH leue;a;;a újdyl fm%auh;a fya;=fldg fyhska tu fya;+ka ke;s jQ úg újdyho ke;sùu idOdrK hehs hk idudcSh ms<s.ekSu fuu ,sys,a oslalidoh ìysùfï fya;=j úh' fuh frdau újdyfha wjidkh idudcSh lreKq u; mokïùh hk u;hg jeo.;a kso¾Ykhls' óg wu;rj mshd ;u ÿjf.a ieñhd fyda mq;df.a ìrsh fyda orelug yod.ekSu ksid ;ykï md¾Yj[23] ms<sno kS;sh n,mEfuka" rgjeislu wysñùfuka" jy,anjg m;aùfuka" i;=rkag yiqùfuka újdyhla wjika úhyelsh' mqreIhd ms<snoj jir 5 la hk;=re f;dr;=rela fkd,eîfuka tu újdyh wjika fõhehs i,ld ìrsog kej; újdyhka lr.ekSug whs;sh ;sìKs' frdau újdyh ms<sno wd¾'vì' ,S fufia mjihs' "fya;= rys;j lrk oslalidoj,g l%sia;shdks wêrdcHfhda mqÿu wkaofï oreKq ovqjï kshu l<y' tfy;a Tjqka ty oslalido wj,x.= nj m%ldY fkdlf<dah' tfia lf<a ciaàkshkah' Tyqo tfia lf<a úfrdafOdala;shla olajkakg wudre oslalido jk fome;af;a leue;af;ka l< oslalidoh gh' ciaàkshka ñh.sh wjqreoaog miq wjqreoafoa fuu kS;sho wfydais ;rk ,os'"[24] fuu lreKq weiqfrka idOkh jkafka kQ;k kS;sh fuka fkdj merKs frdau oslalidoh ms<snojo kS;shg mejiSug yels jQ foa b;d w,am njhs'
tkhska újdyhl wdrïNh;a wjidkh;a hk wjia:djka oaú;ajfhys,d kQ;k újdyh uq,sl jYfhka kS;sh úiskq;a frdau újdyh uq,sl jYfhka idïm%odhsl idudcSh lreKq weiqfrkq;a ilia jQ nj m%ldY l, yelsh' tfia jqjo kQ;k" ixj¾ê; újdy kS;shl uq,dYh frdau kS;sh jqfha tu rS;Ska ;=< mqˆ,a ffk;sl jákdlula ;snQ fyhskah hkako lsisfia;a m%;slafYam l< fkdyel'
frdau kS;sfha újdyhl wdrïNh;a wjidkhla kS;sh u.ska oeäf,i l%uj;a ;r fkdue;af;a kï iy tu wjia:djka fndfyda jYfhka idudcSh lreKq u; rokafka kï tjeks újdyhla ;=< ldka;djf.a ffk;sl ;;ajh l=ulaoehs úuish hq;a;ls' ulaksido h;a kQ;k kS;sho oeä;r wjOdkhla fhduq lrkafka újdyhla ;=<ska fyda újdyhla wjikaùfïoS ldka;djf.a brKu ms<snoj jk fyhsks' fuys,d m%Odk fldgu jvd;a ,sys,a iy ir, l%uhla jQ frdau ksoyia fyj;a udkqia rys; újdyh ;=< ldka;djf.a ffk;sl ;;ajh;a tkhska cks; jQ m%;sM,hkq;a idlÉPd l< yelsh'
ksoyia újdyh kS;sfhka j,x.= jQjls' fuys úfYaIh jQfha udkqia l%ufhaoS fuka újdyfhka miq ia;%sh iajdñhdf.a mS;Dn,hg hg;a fkdùu;a ;udgu foam, iy tys wdodhu ms<sno ika;lfha whs;sh mej;Su;ah' iajdñhdg tu foam, fyda tys wdodhï fyda md,kh lsrSu ms<snoj fyda j.lSu ms<sno lsisu whs;shla fkdúKs' Bg wkqj ;u írsoj kv;a;= lsrSfï ffk;sl j.lSï Ndrhla ieñhd úiska fkdork ,os' ta fjkqjg oS..sh ÿjrekaf.a kv;a;=jo mejrefKa wef.a mshdghs'
tfy;a újdyl oshKsjreka os.ska os.gu kv;a;= lsrSfï wmyiq;djh l,a fkdhjdu wjfndaO lr.;a frdau mshjre tla jru úYd, jákdlula oshKshg mejrSfuka oS¾>ld,Sk j.lSfuka ñoSug W;aiyd l< nj fmfka' oEjeoao fyj;a fvdia ks¾udKh jqfha fuys m%;sM,hla jYfhks' fuu m%;sM,h kS;suh jYfhka fkdjqko n,OdrAS idudcSh lreKla f,i wo olajd;a" wkd.;fhao fndfyda l,la olajdo l%shd;aul jkq we;' flfia jqjo fumrsos werUqKq frdau odhdo l%uh miqld,Skj úúO whqrska ixj¾Okh jQ nj fmfka' uq,sl jYfhka odhdoh whs;s jQfha iajdñhdghs' ìrso i;= foam, odhdohg wh;a fkdjQ w;r th merf‘¾kd(Para Pherna) kï úh' ciaàkshkaf.a hq.fha ckms%h jQ wdmiq osh hq;= odhdoh (Dos Receptitia) u.ska jeo.;a m%;sM, cks; flrsKs' tysoS oslalido jkafka kï ieñhd úiska ;ud ,;a odhdoh wdmiq-ndroSula l<hq;= jQ neúka újdy ixia:dj wdrÌd lr.ekSug th m%n, rel=,la úh' újdyhla wfmaÌdfjka mqreIhd ia;%shg ÿka odhdofhys (Donatio Proper Nuptia) m%;sM,h jQfha tu.ska ieñhdf.a urKh fyda oslalidoh ksid wirK jk ìrshf.a wkd.;h iqrÌs; ùuhs' flfia kuq;a ìrshlf.a foam, iajdñhdg fkdj wehgu whs;sùu;a mshd mjd fvdia u.ska j.lSfuka ksoyia ùu;a ksid ;udf.a kv;a;=j ms<sno nr iys; j.lSu ldka;djgu ú;eka jQ nj fmfka'
tys,d ieñhdf.a wkqoekqfuka f;drj ldka;djg iajdëkj .súiqï j,g t,öfï whs;sh j¾Okh úh' tu .súiqï ksid ìys jQ hï .eg¨jla ù kï iajdëk f,iu wod, md¾Yjhka fj; kvq mejrSfï whs;shla wehg ,eìKs' tys úf,dau jYfhka wka wh úiska ìrsog kvq mejrejfyd;a tys lsisu j.lSula ieñhd úiska ork ,oafoa ke;' újdyfhka miqj muKla fkdj újdyfhka fmr mjd ìrso úiska we;s lrf.k ;snQ lsisÿ .súiqulg ieñhdf.a j.lSula fkdúKs'
mQ¾fjdla; m%;sM,hka miqld,fhaoS frdau ,kafoais kS;shg;a tu.ska ,xld kQ;k kS;shg;a n,mdk ,os' kv;a;= kvq j, iajdñmqreIhd úiska f.úh hq;= kv;a;= uqo, ;SrKh lsrSfïoS ìrsof.a j;alï ie,lSu Wla; merf‘¾kd(Para Pherna) Okh ms<sno ixl,am weiqre fldg mj;S' tfukau fmdÿ f.a fodr wjYH;d fjkqfjka iajdñhdf.a j.lSu hgf;a ìrsog Kh .ekSug yelsùu" ìrsog ffjjdyl ksjila iemhSu ms<sno mqreIhdf.a hq;=lu" jekaoUqjlg ish ñh.sh iajdñmqreIhdf.a nQo,fhka kv;a;= ,eîug whs;shla fkdùu" ffjjdyl isú,a kvqlr iïnkaO kS;sh" .súiqï j,g t<öfï yelshdj" wUqieñ hqj, w;r yg.kakd .súiqï yd tu .súiqï ms<sno kvq hEfï ;;ajh wdoS fÌa;% .Kkdjlgu frdau újdy kS;sfha fijKe,a, m;s;j mj;sk njla ks.ukh l< yelsh' úfYaIfhkau mqreIdêm;Hg úreoaOj j;auka ldka;djf.a iu whs;Ska Wfoid flfrk igfkys wfmalaIdjka fndfyduhlau merKs frdau ksoyia újdyh ;=<skao m%lg jk nj fmfka' ta wkqj frdau ldka;djf.a ffk;sl ;;ajh wrNhd ksoyia bkaudkqia újdyfhka cks; m%;sM, wo olajdu n,mdk nj mejish yel'
[1] 1907 wxl 19
[2] 1951 wxl 13
[3] 1952 wxl 44
[4] 1907 wxl 19 ork id'ú'm' 15 j.ka;sh
[5] 1907 wxl 19 ork id'ú'm' 22 j.ka;sh
[6]tkï ;u by< mrïmrdfõ iy my< mrïmrdõ {d;Ska" fmdÿ foudmshka ksis ifydaor ifydaorshka jk ;eke;a;ka" mqreIfhl= iy Tyqf.a ifydaorhdf.a fyda ifydaorshf.a ÿjl fyda Tjqkaf.ka mej;tk ia;%shla jk ;eke;a;ka" mqreIfhl= iy Tyqf.a ìrsof.a ÿj jk ia;%shla iu. fyda ia;%shla iy wef.a ieñhdf.a mq;d jk ;eke;af;l= w;r we;sjk újdy
[7] 1907 wxl 19 ork id'ú'm' 23}24 j.ka;sh
[8] 1907 wxl 19 ork id'ú'm' 24 j.ka;sh
[9] 1907 wxl 19 ork id'ú'm' 25 j.ka;sh
[10]ycacs jkaokh ioyd ulalug f.dia byardj kue;a weÿu weo.;a flfkl=g jkaokh wjidk jk ;=re újdy úh fkdyelsh hk kS;sh
[11]
[12]fidmshdydñ t' wmamqydñ 23 N.L.R. 353
[13]idú;%S .=Kfialr-mqoa., kS;sh -164
[14]
[15]tkï uj iy mq;d" mshd iy oshKsh" iShd iy ñKsmsrsh" ñ;a;ksh iy uqKqmqrd w;r jk újdy
[16] Digest , The Institutes –94,74
[17];Hd.rdcd t' l=relal=,a (1923)23 NLR 89
[18] 1907 wxl 19 ork id'ú'm' 19 fjks j.ka;sh
[19]isú,a kvq úOdk ix.%yfha 608 ^2& ^4&
[20]isú,a kvq úOdk ix.%yfha 608 ^2& 2
[21] 1951 uqia,sï újdy wd{d mkf;ys 27"28 j.ka;s
[22] Lex Julia de adulteris
[23] 4 fjks msgqj n,kak'
[24]frdau kS;sfha uQ,sldx." msgq .85