Issues in Comparative linguistics (2010)
Contents Page:
Dedication...... 2
PREFACE...... 4
Chapter one...... 10
Sounds of English and Arabic...... 10
Sound in Isolation...... 10
1. Introduction...... 10
1.1 English Consonants...... 10
• The place of articulation or point of articulation...... 10
1.2 Arabic consonants...... 13
• The place of articulation or point of articulation...... 13
• Manner of articulation or the state of the air stream...………..15
1.3 Vowels and diphthongs...... 20
1.3.1 English vowels...... 20
1.3.2 Arabic vowels...... 22
1.4. Diphthongs...... 24
1.5. Conclusion...... 25
Chapter two ( Stress in English and Arabic )...... 26
2.1. Introduction...... 26
2.2. Stress...... 26
2.2.1. Stress within utterances and within words:...... 26
2.2.2. Importance of Stress for communication...... 26
2.3. Rhythm and Stress in English and Arabic...... 27
2.3.1. Influence of stress and rhythm on segmental phonemes and morphemes 27
2.3.2. Types of Secondary Stress...... 27
2.3.3. Stress Purpose as a Tonic...... 27
2.3.4. Types of English stress...... 28
2.4.phrasel Stress:...... 29
2.5. Degrees of English Stress:...... 29
2.6. Stress Marks :...... 29
2.7. Ways of determining the main stress in English :...... 30
2.8. Placement of Stress...... 30
2.9. Arabic Stress...... 33
2.9.1. Rhythm and Stress:...... 33
2.9.2. Arabic syllable Structure...... 34
2.9.3. Stress and Syllables...... 34
2.9.4. Placement of stress in Arabic...... 34
2.9.4. Sentence stress :...... 35
Conclusion...... 36
Chapterthree ( Intonation in English and Arabic )...... 37
3.1. Introduction:...... 37
3.2. Definition of the intonation....... 37
3.2.1. The functions of intonation:...... 38
3.2.2. The importance of intonation in social interaction:...38
3.2.3. The value of intonation:...... 39
3.2.4.Types of English intonation:...... 40
3.3. Intonation in Arabic and English:...... 42
3.4. Intonation patterns in Arabic:...... 43
3.5.Suggestions for teaching English intonation for Arab learners: 43
3.5.1. Activities for teaching English intonation:...... 45
3.6. How can the Arabic teacher be a model in using English intonation? 47
3.7. Conclusion:...... 48
Chapter four ( Morphology ) ...... 50
4.1. Intraduction...... 50
4.2. Derivation:...... 50
4.3. Historical sources of english word formation...... 50
4.3.1. Characteristics of Germanic and non Germanic derivation:- 51
4.4. Derivation in Arabic:...... 54
4.4.1. Carving in Arabic:...... 56
4.4.2. Borrowing:...... 56
4.5. Conclusion:...... 57
Chapter five ( Compouning in Arabic and English ) ...... 58
5.1. Introduction:-...... 58
5.2. Compounding in English...... 58
5.2.2.Types of compounds:...... 59
5.3. Compounding words in Arabic:...... 59
5.3.1. Compound nouns...... 59
5.3.2. Compound adjective:...... 62
5.3.3. Compound verbs...... 70
5.3.4. Self compounds...... 70
5.4. Some suggestions for teaching English compounds:.....71
Chapter six (the mystery of articles in English and Arabic).72
Introduction...... 72
1.2.Some major usage types of the indefinite article a/n.....72
1.3. Some major usage types of the definite article...... 74
1.4. Zero Article:...... 77
Indefinite and definite articles in Standard Arabic (SA):...... 79
2.1. Indefinite article:...... 79
2.1.1. Use of indefinite nouns in SA...... 79
2.2 The definite article...... 82
2.2.1. The use of definite article...... 82
2.The asymmetries between the indefinite and definite articles of English and Arabic...... 84
Chapter seven (on floating quantifiers in English and Arabic)...... 88
1. Introduction...... 88
1.1.1 All...... 88
1.1.2 Both...... 89
1.1.3. Half...... 90
2. Syntactic function...... 91
4. Floating quantifiers in ditransitive and dative clauses.....93
5. The syntax of floating quantifiers...... 96
5.1 An alternative account...... 98
6. Summary remarks...... 104
Chapter eight (Futurity in English and Arabic )...... 105
1.Introduction ...... 105
1.1. Theoretical background...... 105
2.Previous studies:...... 106
3. Futurity in English and Arabic....... 107
3.1.Will and shall+verb stem...... 107
3.1.1 Contrast...... 108
3.2. Shall/will + progressive...... 109
3.2.1. Contrast...... 110
3.3. Future perfective...... 110
3.3.1. Contrast...... 111
3.4. Future perfect continuous...... 111
3.4.1. Contrast...... 112
3.5. Simple present...... 112
3.5.1. Contrast...... 113
3.6. Present progressive...... 113
3.6.1. Contrast...... 113
3.7. Be going to + infinitive...... 113
3.8. Be about to +infinitive...... 113
3.9. Be to + infinitive...... 114
3.9.1. Contrast...... 114
3.10. Future time in the past....... 114
3.10.1. Contrast...... 116
4. Interpretations of results:...... 117
4.1. Future simple:...... 117
4.2. Future continuous...... 118
4.3. Future perfect...... 118
4.4. Future perfect continuous...... 118
4.5. Present simple form denoting future...... 118
4.6. Present continuous denoting future...... 118
4.7. Future time in the past...... 119
5 . Pedagogical implications:...... 119
6. Summary remarks...... 122
Chapter nine ( English and Arabic Proverbs )...... 124
9.1. Introduction:...... 124
9.2. English Proverbs...... 125
9.2.1. Origins of the English proverbs:...... 125
9.3. English proverbs and their interpretations:...... 128
9.4. Arabic Proverbs...... 130
9.5. The study of Arabic proverbs:...... 131
9.6. Arabic proverbs and their translation:...... 132
9.7. Suggestions for teaching proverbs...... 134
Chapter ten ( Prepositions in English and Arabic )...... 136
10.1. Introduction...... 136
10. 2. Definition and function of prepositions...... 136
10.3. Factors influencing the choice of prepositions...... 138
10.4. The place of prepositions...... 139
10.5. Types and uses of prepositions in English and Arabic..140
10.5.1.Types and uses of prepositions in English....... 140
10.6. Conclusion...... 141
Chapter eleven...... 143
1. Introduction……………………………………………………143
2. Syntactic function of infinitive………………………………..144
1. Emotive Verbs………………………………………………….147
2. Aspectual Verbs………………………………………………..148
Semantic distinction………………………………………………150
3. Reactive Verbs………………………………………………….151
4. Forward-oriented Verbs……….………………………………154
5. Conclusion……………………………...………………………156
References…………………………………………………………...... 158
Chapter twelve...... 159
English/Adjectives...... 159
12.1. Introduction....... 159
12.2. English adjectives....... 159
12.2.1. Modifications....... 160
12.3. Arabic Adjectives...... 163
12.3.1. Arabic Comparison/ Superlative...... 166
12.4. Suggestions for teaching adjectives...... 168
12.4.1. Teaching tips for teaching gradable adjectives...... 168
Chapter thirteen ( Adverbs ) ...... 171
Introduction...... 171
Definition...... 171
Using Adverbs in a Numbered List...... 173
Adverbs We Can Do Without...... 174
Kinds of Adverbs...... 174
Positions of Adverbs...... 174
Order of Adverbs...... 175
More Notes on Adverb Order...... 175
Inappropriate Adverb Order...... 176
Adjuncts, Disjuncts, and Conjuncts...... 176
Some Special Cases...... 177
Relative Adverbs...... 178
Viewpoint, Focus, and Negative Adverbs...... 179
Chapter fourteen……..…………………………...…………….181
- Introduction……………………………………………………181
1.1. Preliminary Description of Relative Clause………………..182
1.1.1 Relative Clause in English……………………………………..182
1.1.2 Restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses……………..183
1.1.3 Relative Pronouns……………………………………………....184
2. Syntactic Functions of the relative clause in English complex sentence……………………………………………………………...... 185
3. Semantic functions of relative clauses in English…………….188
4. Relative clause in Arabic……………………………………....189
4.1. Relative Nouns in Arabic…………………………………..190 4.2. Resumptive pronouns in the Arabic relative clause……...... 194
5. The syntactic functions of the relative clause in Arabic…….195
6. Contrastive Analysis…….……………………………………..196
7. Summary remarks……………………………………………..206
Chapter fifteen……………………………………………………209
Causativity in English and Arabic………….…………………..208
1. Introduction……………………………………………………209
1.2. Definition of causative verbs……………………… ……....209
Basic causative structures in English…………………………….209
Arabic Causativity…………………………………………………216
Symmetries and Asymmetries between causatives in English and Arabic……………………………………………………………….220
5. Summary remarks………………………………………………221
References………………………………………………………….223