Jung
- born in 1875, son of a pastor
- introverted child, often alone
- had visionary dreams and experiences
- studied medicine, was drawn to psychiatry
- met Freud in 1907
- Freud did not brook disagreement
- relationship ended in 1913
- led to a period of intense self-analysis
- developed analytical psychology
- drew on a broad spectrum of ideas, including mythology & Eastern religions
- like Freud, a prolific writer
Structure of Personality
Psyche – the total personality
- all the psychological processes
- includes both cs. and ucs. processes
Ego – one's conscious mind
- source of feelings of identity and continuity
- not the center of personality
Personal ucs.
- unique to the individual
- thoughts, perceptions,
etc. not presently in consciousness
- forgotten and repressed experiences
- experiences grouped into complexes, organized groups of thoughts, feelings & memories about a concept.
Word Association Test
- standard list of 100 words
- person responds to each with first word that comes to mind
Items noted:
- response time
- breathing changes
- Galvanic skin response (GSR)
- mishearing
- stammering
- inability to respond
-provided cues to ucs. emotional problems
head frog
green to part
water pure
to sing door
death ridicule
ink family
angry bird
Collective Unconscious - archetypes
- shared by all (transpersonal)
- psychic structural components
- an inherited tendency of the human mind to form certain kinds of images
- predispositions to respond to external events in specific ways
- potentialities for shaping experience in certain directions
- expressed in myths, dreams, art, rituals and symptoms
Persona – the social role (mask)
- a compromise between one's true identity and social identity
- lack of development: risk of becoming asocial
- identify to completely with it: loss of one's "true" identity
Shadow – opposite of the persona
- characteristics we do not accept
- the "devil" within
- source of energy
- if denied, may lead to projection
- can be sublimated, channeled to good ends
- needs to be recognized and acknowledged
Animus and anima – the male side of the female psyche and the female side of the male psyche
- Jung saw males and females as inherently different:
women – ability to enter relationships
men – ability to engage in rational and analytic thought
- unbalanced to express only one's own sex traits
- also unbalanced to express only the opposite sex's traits
- the ideal is integration of one's animus or anima: overcoming the duality (androgyny?)
- through projection, shapes one's romantic attractions
Self – central archetype
- the striving for unity of all parts of the personality
- organizing principle of the psyche
- midpoint of the personality
- end result of individuation
- usually does not emerge until middle age
Other archetypes:
- great mother
- wise old man
- hero
- trickster
- child-god
- Jung's view is teleological: shaped by goals,
- striving for equal development of all parts of the psyche: wholeness
- ultimately, the drive is to individuation: becoming the self
Jung on Dreaming
- future oriented: progressive
personal level - compensation
- attempts to gain balance by developing awareness of neglected parts of the personality
- reveal "blind spots"
collective ucs. level – archetypal material
- individuation: moving towards wholeness
Psychological Types
- interaction with the external world
- relations with one's own inner world
Attitude Types:
- Where do we direct our attention?
Extroversion – focus is on the outer world of people and things
- outgoing, adaptive, forms attachments quickly,
Introversion – focus is on the inner, subjective world
- reflective, retiring, prone to mistrustful scrutiny
Both attitudes are present, but one is usually dominant.
Note: Introversion and Extroversion as used by Jung do not refer to sociability.
The Functions: "Cognitive styles"
- how we acquire and process information
Acquiring information:
Sensing – information is acquired through the functions of the 5 senses
- in touch with immediate reality
- more comfortable with facts
Intuition – information is acquired
by way of unconscious processes
- focuses on possibilities
- more comfortable with theories
Processing information:
Thinking – information is processed rationally
- the goal is to understand
- conclusions are drawn based on logic
Feeling – evaluation function
- focus is on personal values and attitudes
- conclusions are drawn based on whether a thing is acceptable or agreeable or not
…These four together produce a kind of totality. Sensation establishes what is actually present, thinking enables us to recognize its meaning, feeling tells us its value, and intuition points to possibilities as to whence it came and whither it is going in a given situation. In this way we can orient ourselves with respect to the immediate world as completely as when we locate a place geographically by latitude and longitude. (Jung, 1931, pp. 540-541)
Suppose that a person is standing on the rim of the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River. If the feeling function predominates, she will experience a sense of awe, grandeur, and breath-taking beauty. If she is controlled by the sensation function, she will see the canyon merely as it is or as a photograph might represent it. If the thinking function controls her ego, she will try to understand the canyon in terms of geological principles and theory. Finally, if the intuitive function prevails, the spectator will tend to see the Grand Canyon as a mystery of nature possessing deep significance whose meaning is partially revealed or felt as a mystical experience.
(Hall, Lindzey & Campbell, 1998, p. 92)
Psychological Types
The Extraverted Types
Extraverted thinking:
- tend to live according to fixed rules; repress feeling' try to be objective but may be dogmatic in thinking
Extraverted feeling:
- tend to be sociable; seek harmony with the world; respect tradition and authority; tend to be emotional; repress thinking
Extraverted sensing:
- tend to seek pleasure and enjoy new sensory experiences; are strongly oriented toward reality; repress intuition
Extraverted intuition:
- are very creative; find new ideas appealing; tend to make decisions based on hunches rather than facts; are in touch with their ucs. wisdom; repress sensing
The Introverted Types
Introverted thinking:
- have a strong need for privacy; tend to be theoretical, intellectual and somewhat impractical; repress feelings; may have trouble getting along with other people
Introverted feeling:
tend to be quiet, thoughtful, and hypersensitive; repress thinking; may appear mysterious and indifferent to others
Introverted sensing:
- tend to be passive, calm and artistic; focus on objective sensory events; repress intuition
Introverted intuition:
- tend to be mystic dreamers; come up with unusual new ideas; are seldom understood by others; repress sensing
- not meant to pigeon hole
- the extremes rarely exist
- allows for an infinite number of permutations of attitude, function and degree
- types may undergo change
- which functions develop depends in part on life circumstances
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