Introduction to Pathology
Fall 2009
FINAL
Terms
______ is the study of disease.
______ is any abnormal disturbance of function or structure as a result of injury
______occurs after disease. This is the sequence of events producing cellular changes which produce manifestations.
______ are observable changes
Types of Manifestations
______:
–Complaints offered by the patients.
Headaches, nausea, aches and pains
______:
– Abnormal changes as observed by a physician
Can be acquired by touch, smell, tests or visual inspection
Includes fever, swelling, discoloration and rash.
Etiology
Is the study of the cause of a disease.
Common agents:
–Viruses
– Bacteria
–Trauma
– Heat,
–Poor infection control
Poor Infection Control
______Infections- are those that occur in a hospital or hospital like setting
–Are a result of 3 factors:
High prevalence of pathogens
High prevalence of compromised hosts
Efficient mechanisms of transmission from patient to patient
Iatrogenic Disease
Adverse responses induced in a patient by a physicians manner, activity or therapy.
Ex: A collapsed lobe of the lung that
occurred due a complication during an arterial line placement.
Acute vs. Chronic
______disease
–Quick onset
–Lasts a short period of time
Ex. Pneumonia
______
–Presents more slowly
–Lasts a long time
Ex. Multiple Sclerosis
Identification and Outcome
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Technique Considerations
Decrease technique
–In diseases that are destructive
–Decreasing tissue density
–Subtractive or lytic changes
Increase technique
–In diseases that increase tissue density
–Additive or sclerotic changes
Epidemiology
Is the investigation of diseases in large groups.
______is the number of cases in a given population
______is the number of new cases in a given time period
______are diseases in high prevalence in a certain area
______- substantially exceeds what is "expected," based on recent experience
Disease Classifications
Congenital and Hereditary
Inflammatory
Degenerative
Metabolic
Traumatic
Neoplastic
Congenital and Hereditary
______are present at birth and result from genetic or environmental factors
–2-3% of all live births have one or more congenital disease
______are developmental disorders genetically transmitted from either parent
Inflammatory Disease
Results from the body’s reaction to a localized injurious agent.
Types of inflammatory disease:
–Toxic
–Infective
–Allergic
–Autoimmune
Acute Local Inflammatory Disease
Characteristics:
–Heat
–Redness
–Swelling
–Pain
–Loss of function
Capillary dilatation
Cellular necrosis
Chronic Inflammatory Disease
May not result in cell death
More commonly it does not result in cell death
Lasts for extensive periods of time
Repair from Inflammatory Disease
The repair of tissues is the body’s attempt to return the body to normal.
Tissue regeneration
Fibrous connective tissue repair
Debridement
Remodeling
Infection
Is an inflammatory process caused by a disease causing organism.
It invades, multiplies and causes injury.
Generally localized infections causes inflammation
Virulence
–High virulence
–Low virulence
Degenerative Disease
Are caused by a deterioration of the body usually associated with aging.
Although some degenerative diseases affect younger patients
Metabolic Disease
Diseases caused by a disturbance of the normal physiologic function of the body.
Metabolism is the sum of all physical and chemical processes of the body.
Includes endocrine disorders and imbalance of fluid and electrolytes.
Endocrine System
The major glands are: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenal glands, pancreatic islets, ovaries and testes.
A disorder can be caused from
–Hypersecretion
–Insufficient secretion
Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance
______is the most common fluid imbalance
–Caused by lack of water
–Excessive loss of water
______mineral salts
–Potassium and sodium
Depletion of electrolytes is caused by:
–Vomiting, diarrhea, and diuretics
Traumatic Disease
Diseases as a result of a mechanical force
–Crushing
–Twisting
–Radiation
–Extreme temperatures
Can involve
–Bone
–Soft tissue
–Skin
–Capillaries
Neoplastic Disease
New or abnormal growth.
Uncontrollable growth
Neoplasm
–______: remain localized and non-invasive
–______: continue to grow, spread and invade other tissues
Metastasis
Spread of malignant cancer.
Cancer is the general term to denote malignant neoplasms.
Ways of metastasis
–Hematogenous
–Lymphatic
–Invasion
–Seeding
Staging of Cancer
TNM system adopted in 1950’s is the standard
–American Joint Committee on Cancer
–American Cancer Society
–American College of Radiology
Staging is the evaluation of the extent of cancer based on clinical findings
Treatment protocol is based on these findings
Provides indication of prognosis
TNM Staging
T: size of the tumor
–Untreated primary cancer or tumor
N: Regional lymph node involvement
M: Presence or absence of distant metastasis
Numerical staging is usually designated
–T1 - T4
–N1 - N4
–M1 – M4
Cell Differentiation
Is a process in which cells mature into a functional and structurally specialized cell.
______tumor cells
–Resemble normal cells
–Grow and spread a slow rate
______or ______differentiated
–Lack structure and function of normal cells
–Grow uncontrollably
Grading of Cancer
Is an attempt to estimate the degree of malignancy of a neoplasm.
Classified into 4 grades
–Grade I
–Grade II
–Grade III
–Grade IV