Intro to Human Geography 1992 Fall 2007

Midterm #3 Review

Students with last names beginning with A-F should go to MCDB A2B70 (the biology building just across the plaza from the football stadium) during regular class time (3:00-3:50) on Wednesday, December 5th. All other students should go to CHEM 140 as usual.

This review was put together as an extra service to you by your TAs.

Week 11 Chapter 12 Services

key terms

central place, central place theory, market area (hinterland), range, threshold, gravity model, rank-size rule, primate city, primate city rule

-Services are provided in all societies. In MDCs, in what sector are the majority of workers employed?
- key terms: service, settlement, space, place, region, scale, globalization, connections, local diversity.
- Case study: call centers in India
- Types of services: Consumer (retail/wholesale, education, health, leisure/hospitality), Business (financial, professional, transportation), Public.
- In which sector has US job growth been largest?
- Services are clustered in settlements; clustered rural settlements vs. dispersed rural settlements; what forms do clustered rural settlements take?
- What were the benefits of the enclosure movement in Great Britain?
- What shape do geographers use to depict the market area of a good or service and why?
- How do geographers determine the optimal location within a market?
- What are the steps in determining the best location in a nonlinear settlement?
- Who first demonstrated the principal of nesting market areas?

  • Terms
  • Major Early Urban Settlements:
  • Ur
  • Titris Hoyuk
  • Knossos
  • Troy
  • Mycenae
  • Athens
  • Rome
  • Paris
  • Ziggurat
  • 5 most populous cities—not in Europe but in Asia (Baghdad, Constantinople, Kyoto, Changan, Hangchan)
  • Corporations—Board of directors, factories, support staff
  • Four levels of cities:
  • World City
  • Command and Control Center
  • Specialized producer-service center
  • Dependent center
  • Two types of business services in LDCs
  • Off shore financial services
  • Back offices and BPO
  • Basic and non-basic industries
  • Economic base
  • Three types of retail services:
  • High threshold
  • Long/High Range
  • Specific to Downtown
  • Vertical geography and sky scrapers
  • Suburbanization
  • Shopping malls and anchors
  • Concepts
  • Differences and similarities between Mesopotamian and Mediterranean Settlements
  • Role of Roman Empire and services
  • Medieval Urban Settlements
  • Churches
  • Walls
  • Markets
  • Shops
  • Medieval Settlements and military services
  • Role of modern cities—concentration of business, political power, and consumer and public services.
  • Role of new technologies in communication and transportation (telegraphy, telephone, computers, railroad, and automobile).
  • What clusters in world cities?
  • What specific businesses and professionals?
  • Consumer services
  • Wealthy people
  • Public services
  • Transition from manufacturing to providing services in US economy.
  • What kinds of specialization in services do we see among US cities?
  • What attracts talent to certain places?
  • Defining characteristics of Central Business Districts (CBD)
  • Pedestrian only shopping—Why? What does it look like?
  • Why would certain businesses be located in CBD and others in the suburbs?
  • High cost of land in CBDs
  • Where is the most expensive land?
  • Why is it so expensive (2 reasons)?
  • American versus European CBDs—what are the similarities and differences?

Week 12 –

Lecture:Urban Patterns

People (How are these people relevant to thinking about cities?):

Bill Cronon

Emile Durkheim

Georg Simmel

Louis Wirth

Ernest Burgess

David Ley

Neil Smith

Terms:

Mechanical solidarity

Organic solidarity

Anomie

Psychic overload

Fragmentation

Rent

Edge Cities

Filtering

Vacancy chains

Obsolescence

Investment

Disinvestment

Gentrification

Public-private partnerships

De-valorization

Rent Gap

Economic Models of the city:

Concentric Rings Model

Sector Model

Multiple Nuclei Model

Historical models of the city:

Mercantile City (pre 1840)

Early industrial city (-1880)

Industrial City (-1920)

Suburbanization (-today)

Polycentric metropolis (1970- today)

Other analytical approaches to the city:

Urban Realms model

Deindustrialization and the Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis

Land rent theory

City as “Hip”

“Back to the City” movement of capital

Questions to think about:

According to Louis Wirth, what characteristics distinguish city life from rural life?

Describe some instances where you see the tension between the desire for space and the desire for access to amenities playing out

How are the problems of inner cities connected to problems of the suburbs?

What is the book referring to when it describes a transition from vertical separation to territorial segregation?

Have suburbanites benefited more than urbanites from housing and transportation subsidies; if so, how and why?

How have transportation technologies facilitated segregation and sprawl in the suburbs?

What have been some of the problems associate with urban renewal and public housing initiatives?

What is meant by the concept of filtering? What does it have to do with obsolescence and vacancy chains?

How have innovations in transportation technologies transformed the spatial arrangements of cities?

Week 14 Chapter 10 Agriculture

Section 1: Where did agriculture originate?

TERMS

Crop

Vegetative agriculture

Seed agriculture

Agricultural regions

Subsistence agriculture

Commercial agriculture

Prime agricultural land

Agribusiness

CONCEPTS

Origins of Agriculture

  • What is agriculture?
  • What is a crop? What are some examples of crops that form the staple of your diet in the United States? What are some staple crops in other regions of the world (South America, Africa, Southeast Asia)
  • What was the predominant way in which humans obtained food prior to agriculture? Is this way of life still practiced today? If so, where in the world is it practiced and by whom?
  • How is vegetative planting different than seed agriculture?

Location of Agricultural Hearths

  • In which region(s) did vegetative planting originate?
  • In which region(s) did seed agriculture originate?
  • How did seed agriculture diffuse throughout different regions of the world?
  • Contrast the initial the diffusion(s) of seed agriculture with more recent processes of agricultural diffusion—how and why are these processes different today?

Classifying Agricultural Regions

  • What is the primary difference between agricultural production in LDCs and that in MDCs?
  • Contrast subsistence and commercial agriculture with respect to the “Five principle features” listed on p. 331 of the textbook.
  • Why do geographers find it important to map agricultural regions of the world? How might such maps help us to understand agricultural processes around the world?

Section 2: Where are agricultural regions in less developed countries?

TERMS

Shifting cultivation

Slash-and-burn agriculture

Pastoral nomadism

Transhumance

Pasture

Intensive subsistence agriculture/subsistence agriculture

Wet rice

Sawah

Rice paddy

Threshed

Chaff

Winnowed

Hull

Double cropping

Crop rotation

Plantation

CONCEPTS

Shifting Cultivation

  • What is the difference between cultivation and agriculture?
  • Where (regions in the world) is shifting cultivation primarily practiced?
  • Describe the distinguishing features of shifting cultivation.
  • What types of crops are typically grown in shifting cultivation?
  • How is land under shifting cultivation normally owned, governed and managed?
  • Is shifting cultivation a dominant form of agriculture in the world? Justify your answer.
  • What are the environmental impacts of shifting cultivation?
  • What are the environmental benefits of shifting cultivation?

Pastoral Nomadism

  • What is pastoral nomadism? Where is it practiced in the world, and by whom?
  • Pastoral nomadism is the most similar to what other type of agriculture; shifting cultivation, subsistence agriculture, commercial agriculture?
  • What is the advantage of nomadism to pastoralists?
  • What types of animals are commonly used in pastoral nomadism? Why are these animals well-suited to this type of agriculture?
  • Describe the patterns of pastoralist nomads; seasonally and interannually.
  • Is pastoralist nomadism a ‘primitive’ or more modern form of agriculture?
  • What types of cultural, societal, technological and environmental changes are affecting pastoralist nomads today?

Intensive Subsistence Agriculture

  • What are some of the characteristics of areas in which intensive subsistence agriculture is found? Name regions in the world where this form of agriculture is practiced.
  • What types of crops are commonly grown in intensive subsistence agriculture?
  • Describe the primary steps in producing wet rice, from planting the seed to processing the harvested plant for human consumption.
  • What is the geographical distribution of rice production versus wheat, millet, oat, corn and soybean production in Asia?
  • How is agriculture in China today different than it was during the Communist Revolution?

Plantation Farming

  • Where is plantation farming practiced in the world?
  • What type of agriculture is practiced in plantation farming; subsistence, intensive subsistence, commercial or shifting cultivation?
  • What are the most valuable crops grown in plantation farming?

How has plantation farming changed throughout the history of the United States? Do you think plantation farming followed the same historical patterns in other regions of the world (Latin America, Southeast Asia)? Why or why not?

Key Issue 3: Where Are Agricultural Regions in More Developed Countries?

1. What factors affect the location of the following Agricultural activities in the developed world? Factors to consider include, but are not limited to, natural environment (climate and soils), access and soils, value of crops, cultural practices.

A. Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming

B. Dairy Farming

C. Grain Farming

D. Ranching

E. Mediterranean Crops

F. Commercial Gardening and Fruit

2. What is Von Thunen’s Model? What does it look like in it’s pure form? How does the local natural and built environment alter this? What applications does Von Thunen’s Model have beyond agriculture?

Key terms

Ceral Grain

Crop Rotation

Horticulture

Milkshed

Ranching

Spring/Winter Wheat

Truck Farming

Key Issue 4 Why Do Farmers Face Economic Difficulties?

1. What challenges do commercial farmers in the developed world face and what government and private solutions exist to ameliorate these problems?

2. How do subsistence farmers in the developing world adapting to a growing population?

3. What are the trade-offs between subsistence agriculture and export oriented agriculture for developing nations?

4. What international trader related considerations must African countries make when creating policy towards genetically modified organisms? (GMOs)

5. What strategies does the book present to increase food supply? Which of these seem most feasible to you? Why?

Key terms

Desertification

Green Revolution

Sustainable Agriculture

Week 15 Chapter 11: Industry

Part 1

Terms:

Industrial Revolution

Situation factors

Site factors

Bulk-reducing industry

Bulk-gaining industry

Single-market industry

Perishable industry

Break-of-bulk-point

Labor-intensive industry

Cottage industry

Maquiladora

Concepts:

What are the roles of maquiladoras in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico?

Why are geographers interested in ‘industry’?

What are the four industrial regions of the world, why are they important industrial areas, and what has been their general course of industrial development?

How do situation factors and site factors influence the distribution of industries?

How are situation factors critical to the copper and steel industries?

How have situation factors shaped the evolution of the steel industry?

How do proximity to markets and inputs influence industry?

What are the differences between bulk-reducing, bulk-gaining, single-market, and perishable industries? What are examples of each?

What are the three main site factors? How do they influence industries?

How has the textile industry been transformed since its inception? How do these changes correspond to it being a labor-intensive industry?

How do ‘land’ and capital function as critical site factors?

Part 2:

Definitions:

  • Situation Factors
  • Site Factors
  • Labor-intensive industry
  • High-Wage industry
  • Cottage Industry
  • Right-to-Work Laws (Open Shops/ Closed Shops)
  • Maquiladora
  • Outsourcing
  • Vertical Integration
  • Fordist production process
  • Post-Fordist Production process
  • Just-in-Time inventory

Concepts:

  • Does industry take up a lot of geographical space?
  • In what regions is industry currently concentrated?
  • What are the two geographical costs/factors impacting industry?
  • Understand the major characteristics of the three most important site factors (land, labor, capital)
  • Understand the difference between labor-intensive industry and high-wage industry
  • Understand why activities were historically located around sources of energy (water, wood, coal)
  • Why did industry move from city centers to peripheral areas?
  • Why did industry in the US move from the Northeast to the South and West?
  • Understand the dynamic forces that are pushing industries into new locations
  • Understand the dynamic forces that are encouraging industries to remain in traditional locations