INTRO TO BIOLOGY: SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
Chapter: 1 / Name: Date: Block:People/Vocabulary/
Main Ideas/Pictures / Objectives/Notes/
Definitions/Examples
1-1 content / Objectives:
What is Science?
- Evidence Based on Observation
- Interpreting the Evidence
- Explaining the Evidence
Science and Human Values
What is Science
The goal of science is to ______and understand nature, to explain events in nature, and to use those explanations to make useful ______. Evidence based observations, using our senses, collecting ______. Interpreting evidence, making inferences, explaining ______. Making and testing a hypothesis.
A Scientific View of the World
People often think about everyday events in a scientific way. Suppose your car won’t start. Perhaps it’s out of gas. A glance at the fuel gauge tests that idea. Perhaps the battery is dead. An auto mechanic can use instruments to test that idea as well. A ______person would continue to look for an explanation, testing one possible explanation after another, until the cause of the problem was identified. All scientists bring the same problem-solving ______into their work and research. Just like you and me.
Science and Human Values
The importance of science reaches far beyond the scientific world. Today, scientists______information to discussions about health and disease, and relationships between human beings and the rest of the living world. Think about the world around you, chances are, you’re thinking about something that science has ______. Scientists don’t just think about biology, they also consider society, the economy, jobs, food, shelter, transportation, and voting.
Summary of 1-1:
INTRO TO BIOLOGY: SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
1-2 Content / Objectives:Designing an Experiment
- Steps of the Scientific Method
- Redi’s Experiment of Spontaneous Generation
Spallanzani’s Test of Redi’s Findings
Pasteur’s Test of Spontaneous Generation
The Impact of Pasteur’s Work
When Experiments Are Not Possible
How a Theory Develops
Designing an Experiment
About 2,300 years ago, the Greek philosopher ______made observations of the natural world. He explained his observations through ______. Centuries ago, people didn’t know how living things seemed to arise from seemingly non-living things. 400 years ago, people began to question this and started ______.
Stating the Problem: Something is ______(seen), but the reason why something is happening is unknown.
Forming a Hypothesis:For centuries people believed in spontaneous generation, meaning life forming from something ______. Ex: maggots suddenly appear on rotting meat. In 1668 Francesco Redi proposed a different hypothesis. He said that the maggots appeared a few days after seeing flies around the meat. And that the flies laid eggs too small for us to see. New Hypothesis = Flies produce maggots.Redi’s next step is to ______his hypothesis.
Setting up a controlled experiment:Whenever possible, a hypothesis should be tested by an experiment in which only ______variable is changed at a time. All other variables should be kept unchanged/controlled. This type of experiment is called a Controlled Experiment. Based on his hypothesis, Redi predicted that keeping flies away from meat would prevent the appearance of maggots.
/ Recording & Analyzing Results:Scientists keep ______records of observations and data (numbers, colors, drawings, etc).Redi recorded that his observations showed maggots in his control jar, and not the jars covered with gauze.
Drawing a Conclusion: Scientists use the data from an experiment to ______the hypothesis and make a conclusion. They determine if their hypothesis is supported/refuted. Redi’s results ______his hypothesis about maggots. Redi’s results also refuted (proved incorrect) the theory of spontaneous generation.
Today’s researchers often publish their results in scientific journals. Other scientists can read about what was done, and they can perform the same experiment again to make sure the results are consistent and true.Thus, publishing/sharing a description of an experiment is an essential part of science.
Needham’s Test of Redi’s Findings
Needham in 1700 heard that Anton van Leeuwenhoek made the first ______and could see tiny animals (animicules) in a drop of pond water. Needam wanted to test Redi’s experiment: using gravy instead of meat, and heating it to see if the animicules could be killed, and thus nothing should grow in the gravy. It didn’t work…
Spallanzani’s Test of Redi’s Findings
Spallazani read about both Redi and Needham’s experiments and he wanted to try his own experiment. He hypothesized that Needham didn’t heat the gravy enough, so Spallazani______the gravy and sealed the jars immediately, and nothing grew. He was correct! Evidence supported his hypothesis.
Pasteur’s Test of Spontaneous Generation
/ Well into the 1800’s, scientists continued to argue the spontaneous generation hypothesis. Some supporters thought that ______itself contained “life forces” and said Spallanzani’s experiment was not fair.In 1864 Louis Pasteur designed an experiment with a flask that had a ______neck, so air could get to the broth, while being protected from microorganisms in the air. A year later, he ______the neck of the flask and organisms began to grow in the broth.
- Pasteur proved that organisms can only grow from ______organisms, that life does not come from just air. The impact of Pasteur’s work also helped the wine, silk, and disease industries by discovering new microorganisms.
When Experiments are NOT Possible
Scientists use alternate investigations when a______experiment is not possible.
- Ex: field studies of animals in the wild, and studies of large groups of people.
How a Theory Develops
As evidence builds, a hypothesis becomes well ______and scientists consider it a theory.This occurred with the hypothesis of spontaneous generation; the theory is now called “______” because we know that life only come from existing life.Sometimes more than one theory is used to explain particular circumstances. Useful theories become ______views among the majority of scientists; however no theory is considered the absolute truth. It may change with new discoveries, but will always be a theory.
Summary of 1-2:
Glue your Foldable Here!