International Men and Gender Equality Survey (IMAGES)
International Men and Gender Equality Survey (IMAGES)
Survey Questionnaires
January 2013
This document includes the men’s and women’s questionnaires used to conduct the International Men and Gender Equality Survey (IMAGES) as part of the Men and Gender Equality Policy Project (MGEPP).
The International Men and Gender Equality Survey (IMAGES) is a comprehensive household questionnaire on men’s attitudes and practices – along with women’s opinions and reports of men’s practices – on a wide variety of topics related to gender equality. From 2009 to 2010, household surveys were administered to more than 8,000 men and 3,500 women ages 18-59 in Brazil, Chile, Croatia, India, Mexico and Rwanda. Between 2011 and 2012, IMAGES was also applied in Mali, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Bosnia. Topics in the questionnaire include: gender-based violence; health and health-related practices; household division of labor; men’s participation in caregiving and as fathers; men’s and women’s attitudes about gender and gender-related policies; transactional sex; men’s reports of criminal behavior; and quality of life. A preliminary report of survey finding was released by the MGEPP project partners in January 2011 focusing on the initial, comparative analysis of results from the men’s questionnaires across the six countries, with women’s reports on key variables.
The initial multi-country comparative report of IMAGES findings is available for free download here:
The Men and Gender Equality Policy Project (MGEPP), led by the International Center for Research on Women (ICRW) and Instituto Promundo, is a multi-year, multi-country effort to build the evidence base on how to change public institutions and policies to better foster gender equality and to raise awareness among policymakers and program planners of the need to involve men in health, development and gender equality issues. Project activities include:
- A multi-country policy research and analysis presented in the publication available for free download here:
- IMAGES;
- The “Men who Care” study consisting of in-depth qualitative life history interviews with men in five countries; and
- Advocacy efforts and dissemination of the findings from these different components via various formats, including a documentary film.
Participating countries in the project as of 2010 included Brazil, Chile, Croatia, India, Mexico, Rwanda and South Africa. Additional countries have also participated in IMAGES including Mali, the DRC and Bosnia. The multiple research components of the project aim to provide policymakers with evidence-based, practical strategies for engaging men in gender equality, particularly in the areas of sexual and reproductive health, gender-based violence, fatherhood and maternal and child health, and men’s health needs.
Researchers interested in applying the IMAGES survey in new locations should contact Gary Barker at Instituto Promundo () and/or Ravi Verma () and Brian Heilman () at ICRW.
Coordinated by:
International Center for Research on Women
and
Instituto Promundo
INTERNATIONAL MEN AND GENDER EQUALITY SURVEY (IMAGES)
MEN’S QUESTIONNAIRE
January 2013
International Men and Gender Equality Survey
Men’s Questionnaire
[Include interview #, location name, primary sampling unit #, and other identifying information]
Informed consent:
The purpose of this questionnaire is to ask men and women about their relationships, their families, their working life, their health, and their relationships with their children, if they have children. All the information in this questionnaire will remain confidential. No information such as your name or address or any detail that would identify you will be used in any way. If at any time you want to stop the interview, please let me know. If there is any question you do not want to answer, feel free to tell me. The interview will last about 45 minutes. Do you agree to participate in the survey?
SECTION ONE: Sociodemographic characteristics and employmentFirst, we want to ask you some questions about your age, your current employment status and conditions at work, and who you live with.
QUESTIONS AND FILTERS / CODING CATEGORIES
1.1. How old are you? / years
1.2. What is the highest standard or grade you have completed at school?
/ No schooling ...……………….………………...… 0
Primary up to TD2/Grade4 ………..……………… 1
Primary school complete …………….……..…...... 2
Standard6/GRD8 up toSTD9/GRD 11 .…..………. 3
Matric .……………...…………………….. …..…. 4
Incomplete B degree/Diploma ..……………… .… 5
Incomplete B degree/Diploma ..……...…… …..… 6
Higher Degree more than 4 years ..…………...... …... 7
1.3. Which ethnic group do you consider yourself?[Categories to be defined by country] / White .……………..……….…………….………...1
Mixed .………………….….….………….………. 2
Black ………………………….………….………. 3
Indian or Asiatic …………………....….….…...... 4
Other (specific): ______5
1.4. Do you belong to any religion? / Yes …………..…………………………………… 1
No………………………….………2 (skip to 1.6 )
1.5. What is your religion?
[Categories to be defined by country] / Catholic……..………………………….………...... 1
Protestant………………….…………….……….... 2
Spiritualist………………………………...………. 3
African Religions ...………………………………. 4
Other (specific)______5
No answer………………………………………… 7
1.6. How many persons do live with you? / (Total number)
Only me……………………..………99 (skip to 1.8)
1.7. Who lives with you? / Partner/spouse …………………………….……… 1
Your children…………..………….………….……2
Children of your partners with another man….……3
Parents ………………………………..……...... 4
Other relatives (of yours or partner) ………...……..5
Other unrelated children……………………..……..6
Other unrelated adults ______7
1.8. Who provides the main source of income in your home? / Self…………………………..……………………..1
Partner……………………………………….…..…2
Parents……………………………………….…..…3
Older relatives……………………………….……..4
Pension…………………………………...….……..5
Government support (welfare)………………..……6
Other (specific)______7
1.9. After taxes, how much do you earn per month?
[Categories to be defined by country] / Less than US 30……………………….…….……..1
US 31-60…….……………………….…….………2
US 61 – 100……………………….……...... ………3
US 101 – 200.………………………….…..……….4
US 201 – 500..………………………………...……5
US 501 –1000…………………….……………...... 6
US 1001 – 2 000.………………………………...... 7
US 2 001 –3 000…………………………..…..……8
US 3 000 or more…………………………………..9
1.10. Do you or your family receive any form of financial support from the government on a monthly basis? / Yes …………..……………………………………1
No………………………….…..…2 (skip to 1.12 )
1.11. How much (per month)?
[Categories to be defined by country] / Less than US 30…………………………….……..1
US 31-60…….…………………………….………2
US 61 – 100……………………………….………3
US 101 – 200.………………………..…..……….4
US 201 – 500..…………………………..…...……5
US 501 –1000……………………………….….....6
US 1001 – 2 000.……………...……………...... 7
US 2 001 –3 000…………………………..…..….8
US 3 000 or more……………………….……..…9
1.12. What is your employment status? / Never worked……………..…….….1 (skip to 1.21 )
Unemployed………………………..2 (skip to 1.21 )
Formally employed………...…………………….. 3
Informally employed…………………..………… 4
Retired…………………………….....5 (skip to 2.1 )
1.13. How many hours per week do you normally work, including overtime and paid work outside the home? / hours per week
1.14. If you normally work more hours than is a normal working week outside the home (approx. 40 hours), what is the main reason? / I do it in order to maintain my and/or my family’s standard of living …………………….…..1
It is necessary for my career ………………….……2
My workplace demands that I do ………...…..……3
Work plays a major role in my life ………….…….4
Other (specific)______5
1.15. Is your current boss male or female? / Male………………………………………….…..…1
Female…………………………………………..….2
NA/Self-employed/don’t have a boss ……………..3
1.16. Have you ever had a female boss? / Yes …………..………………………………..……1
No………………………….………………….....…2
1.17. Would you mind if you had a female boss? / Yes …………..………………………………..……1
No………………...……….…………………..……2
Now, I’d like to read a series of statements about your work situation. Please tell me if these phrases apply to you: / Yes / Partly / No / Don’t Know
1.18. My work or employment situation is mostly stable / 1 / 2 / 0 / 3
1.19. I am frequently stressed or depressed because of not having enough work. / 1 / 2 / 0 / 3
1.20. I am frequently stressed or depressed because of not having enough income. / 1 / 2 / 0 / 3
FILTER: ONLY UNEMPLOYED. IF NOT, SKIP TO 2.1
Now, I’d like to read a series of statements about unemployment. Please tell me if these phrases apply to you: / Yes / Partly / No / Don’t Know
1.21. I sometimes feel ashamed to face my family because I am out of work. / 1 / 2 / 0 / 3
1.22. I spend most of my time out of work or looking for work / 1 / 2 / 0 / 3
1.23. I have considered leaving my family because I was out of work. / 1 / 2 / 0 / 3
1.24. I sometimes drink or stay away from home when I can’t find work / 1 / 2 / 0 / 3
SECTION TWO: Childhood Experiences
These next questions are about your childhood and your family when you were growing up. These questions will ask you about your life when you were growing up and the relationship you had with your parents or the people who cared for you then.
2.1 Who took care of you when you were growing up? / Mostly my mother or stepmother or female relative…………………….……………………..1
Mostly my father or stepfather or male relative...... 2
Only mother………………………….…………..3
Only father…………………………..…………...4
Nearly equal……………………….……………..5
Other (specific)______6
2.2. What level of schooling did your biological mother complete? / No schooling ………..……………….…………. 1
Primary school incomplete …………………..… 2
Primary school complete (STD 4) ………..….… 3
High school incomplete ………………..……… 4
High school complete …..……………………… 5
Tertiary education up to 4 years …………….… 6
Tertiary education more than 4 years …….……. 7
Don’t know …………………………………..… 8
2.3. What level of schooling did your father complete? (By father, we mean the man you called your father when you were growing up, if you had one.) / No schooling ………..………………….………. 1
Primary school incomplete …………………..… 2
Primary school complete (STD 4) ……...……… 3
High school incomplete ……..……………….… 4
High school complete …..……………………… 5
Tertiary education up to 4 years ………….….… 6
Tertiary education more than 4 years ……..……. 7
Don’t know …………………………………..… 8
2.4. Between the ages of 0-18 how many years did you live with your biological father? / How many years? years..…(skip to 2.6)
I did not know him ……………………….….... 97
He died before I was born.. .…. …………..……98
2.5. If you did not live with your biological father, were there other important male figures in your life when you were growing up? / None …………………....…………1(skip to 2.13)
My step father ………………………………..… 2
My uncle …………………………………...……3
My grandfather ………………..……… ………..4
My brother …..………………………….……….5
Family friend …………….………………………6
Teacher, coach or religious leader …….……. ….7
Other (specific)______8
I will now read some statements to you and I would like you to indicate what you think of them:
Frequently / Sometimes / Hardly ever / Never / No answer
2.6. My father or another man who lived with my mother treated my mother with respect. / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
2.7. My mother treated my father or another man who lived with her with respect / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
When you were a child or teenager, did your father or another man in the home:
Frequently / Sometimes / Hardly ever / Never / No answer
2.8. Prepare food / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
2.9. Clean the house / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
2.10. Wash clothes / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
2.11. Clean the bathroom/toilet / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
2.12. Take care of you or your siblings / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
2.13. Who had the final word in your household about decisions involving you and your brothers and sisters (their schooling, their activities)? / Mother……………..….………………………… 1
Father…………………………………………… 2
Both equally…………………………………….. 3
Others (specific)______4
Not Apply………………………….….………….5
Who had the final word about decisions involving how your family spends money on:
2.14. Food and clothing / Mother……………………...…………………… 1
Father…………………………………………… 2
Both equally…………………………………….. 3
Others (specific)______4
Not Apply……………………………..………….5
2.15. Large investments such as buying a car, or a house, or a household appliance / Mother…………..…………………………….… 1
Father…………………………………………… 2
Both equally…………………………………….. 3
Others (specific)______4
Not Apply……………………………………..….5
Now we have some questions about YOUR CHILDHOOD AND TEENAGE YEARS, specifically FROM THE TIME YOU WERE BORN UNTIL YOU WERE 18 YEARS OLD.
When you were a child or teenager, were you taught how to: / Yes
1 / No
0 / NA
99
2.16. Prepare food / 1 / 0 / 99
2.17. Clean the house / 1 / 0 / 99
2.18. Clean the bathroom/toilet / 1 / 0 / 99
2.19. Wash clothes / 1 / 0 / 99
2.20. Care for younger siblings / 1 / 0 / 99
Now some statements will be read to you, and we would like to know how often each of the things described in the statements happened to you. It may be that they Never happened, or that they Happened Sometimes, Happened Often or Happened Very Often. Please remember that everything your say is strictly confidential and will help us a lot in understanding the lives of men.
Before I reached 18….. / Never / Sometimes / Often / Very Often / Does not apply
2.21. I saw or heard my mother being beaten by her husband or boyfriend / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
2.22. Someone touched my buttocks or genitals or made me touch them on the genitals when I did not want to / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
2.23. I was insulted or humiliated by someone in my family in front of other people / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
2.24. I was spanked or slapped by my parents or adults in the home. / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
2.25. One or both of my parents were too drunk or high on drugs to take care of me / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
2.26. I had sex with someone because I was threatened or frightened or forced / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
2.27. I was beaten or physically punished at school by a teacher / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
2.28. I was threatened with physical punishment in my home. / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
Your Experiences at School: Now we are going to ask a series of questions about your experiences with school.
2.29. Was your primary school? / Single sex…….….……………………………… 1
Coed.…………….……………………………… 2
I’ve never studied..……………………………… 3
Don’t answer ………………………...…………. 4
We know some of those were difficult questions to answer. Thank you for doing so, your answers are really important. The next sets of questions are about you and your friends and school and neighbourhood when you were growing up and before you turned 18.
Yes / Partly / No
2.30. Was there bullying or teasing and harassment in school or neighbourhood in which you grew up? / 1 / 2 / 3
2.31. Were you yourself teased and harassed? / 1 / 2 / 3
2.32. Did you tease and harass others? / 1 / 2 / 3
These next questions ask you about your experiences at school. Please indicate by responding to the corresponding number if this Never happened to you, or it happened Sometimes, or Often or Very Often.
Never / Sometimes / Often / Very Often
2.33. Girls were mostly treated with respect at my school / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4
2.34. At school I was punished because I bullied other kids using physical violence. / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4
2.35. My friends and I would touch girls or say sexual things to them to tease them / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4
2.36. Me and my school friends were a group and we would arrange to have sex with girls after school. / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4
2.37. Me and my school friends were a group and we would fight with rival groups at school. / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4
2.38. Me and my school friends were a group and we would rotate a girl amongst ourselves all having sex with her. / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4
2.39. I and my school friends were a group and we all belonged to sport clubs, or sing in a choir. / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4
2.40. My friends and I used drugs at school / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4
2.41. My school friends helped me overcome problems in my life or were supportive / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4
SECTION THREE: Attitudes about relations between men and women
You are doing very well, thank you for your enthusiasm on this questionnaire. We are progressing well. This section will ask you about your views regarding various issues in society. We are interested in your views regarding these statements. Please feel free any way you like -- there are no right or wrong answers.
Statements / Strongly
agree / Agree / Disagree / Strongly
Disagree / NA
3.1. / When women work they are taking jobs away from men / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
3.2. / When women get rights they are taking rights away from men / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
3.3. / Rights for women mean that men lose out / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
3.4. / When a woman is raped, she usually did something careless to put herself in that situation / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
3.5. / In some rape cases women actually want it to happen / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
3.6. / If a woman doesn’t physically fight back, you can’t really say it was rape / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
3.7. / In any rape case one would have to question whether the victim is promiscuous or has a bad reputation / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
Gender Equitable Men Scale
The next set of questions will ask you about your views on relations between men and women. Please indicate if you totally agree, partially agree or disagree with the following statements.
Attitudes / Totally Agree / Partially agree / Disagree
3.8. / A woman’s most important role is to take care of her home and cook for her family. 5 / 1 / 2 / 3
3.9. / Men need sex more than women do. / 1 / 2 / 3
3.10. / Men don’t talk about sex, you just do it. / 1 / 2 / 3
3.11. / There are times when a woman deserves to be beaten. / 1 / 2 / 3
3.12. / Changing diapers, giving kids a bath, and feeding the kids are the mother’s responsibility. / 1 / 2 / 3
3.13. / It is a woman’s responsibility to avoid getting pregnant. / 1 / 2 / 3
3.14. / A man should have the final word about decisions in his home. / 1 / 2 / 3
3.15. / Men are always ready to have sex. / 1 / 2 / 3
3.16. / A woman should tolerate violence in order to keep her family together. / 1 / 2 / 3
3.17. / I would be outraged if my wife asked me to use a condom. / 1 / 2 / 3
3.18. / A man and a woman should decide together what type of contraceptive to use. / 1 / 2 / 3
3.19. / I would never have a gay friend. / 1 / 2 / 3
3.20. / If someone insults me, I will defend my reputation, with force if I have to. / 1 / 2 / 3
3.21. / To e a man, you need to be tough / 1 / 2 / 3
3.22. / Men should be embarrassed if they are unable to get an erection during sex. / 1 / 2 / 3
To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? / Completely agree / Partly agree / Partly disagree / Completely disagree / Don’t know
3.23. / Gender equality, meaning that men and women are equal, has come far enough already / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
3.24. / Gender equality has already been achieved for the most part / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
3.25. / Work to achieve gender equality today benefits mostly well-to-do people / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
In order to correct gender inequalities in education and the workplace, it has been suggested in some countries that a fixed proportion or quota of university places and jobs as well as representation in government should be reserved for women in areas where women are in the minority.
3.26. Are you for or against such a quota system which guarantees a fixed proportion of places for women in government? / For…………………………………………..……..1
Against………………………………….....………2
Don’t know………………………………..………3
3.27. Are you for or against such a quota system which guarantees a fixed proportion of places for women to study in universities? / For…………………………………………..……..1
Against………………………………..…...………2
Don’t know……………………………..…………3
3.28. Are you for or against such a quota system which guarantees a fixed proportion of places for women in executive positions? / For………………………………………..………..1
Against………………………………….....………2
Don’t know………………………………..………3
3.29. Are you for or against such laws that promote equal salaries for men and women in the same position? / For………………………………………..………..1
Against……………………………………..………2
Don’t know………………………………..………3
SECTION FOUR: Sexual Diversity
Now I am going to read a series of statements and I would like to know your opinionAttitudes / Totally Agree / Partially Agree / Disagree
4.1. / Being around homosexual men makes me uncomfortable / 1 / 2 / 3
4.2. / Homosexuality is natural and normal. / 1 / 2 / 3
4.3. / Homosexual men should not be allowed to work with children. / 1 / 2 / 3
4.4. / Homosexual men should not be allowed to adopt children. / 1 / 2 / 3
4.5. / Homosexual couples should be allowed to legally marry just like heterosexual couples. / 1 / 2 / 3
4.6. / I would be ashamed if I had a homosexual son. / 1 / 2 / 3
I would like to know you opinion about in which of the situations below it would be justified to use violence against a homosexual man, WHO IS NOT A PERSONAL FRIEND.
Cód. / Situations / Justified / Not Justified / Don’t know / No answer
4.7. / When he keeps hitting on me / 1 / 2 / 3 / 99
4.8. / When he keeps staring at me / 1 / 2 / 3 / 99
4.9. / When he is romantically kissing another man in public / 1 / 2 / 3 / 99
4.10. / When he acts in an effeminate way / 1 / 2 / 3 / 99