Biology Fall Semester Exam Review

Safety and the Scientific Method

  1. Safety goggles, plastic gloves, no open flame, and the experiment should be conducted in a well ventilated room
  2. To avoid cross contamination.
  3. Mass ------it is measured in grams
  4. Volume -----it is measured in liters, bottom
  5. ------
  6. 460.6 grams
  7. 1.3 cm
  8. 35 mL
  9. Independent Variable – Is the variable that the scientist controls. It is independent of all other factors.
  10. Dependent Variable – What the scientist is measuring. It is dependent on the independent variable.
  11. Controlled variable
  12. One
  13. A control group is used for comparison. It shows the “norm” in an experiment.
  14. A control group gives you something to compare your results to.
  15. (a )Independent variable ---Gingko biloba

(b) Dependent variable ----mass of guppies

(c) Control group---the group of guppies that only received their normal diet

16. age of the tree (in years)

  1. radius
  2. 3.5 cm
  3. The age of the tree is directly related to the average of its radius

Biochemistry

  1. H = 2 C = 1 O = 3
  2. Monomer
  3. Fill in the following chart:

Macromolecule / Monomers / Function(s) / Elements Contained / Example
Carbohydrates / Monosaccharides / Energy source; structure / C, H, O / Sugars, starches
Lipids / Glycerol + fatty acids / Energy source, main component of cell membrane / C, H, O / Fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids
Protein / Amino acids / Enzymes, immunity, structure of bones and muscles / C, H, O, N / Hemoglobin, enzymes
Nucleic Acids / Nucleotides / Transmit and store genetic information / C, H, O, N, P / DNA, RNA
  1. Protein; Carbohydrate, Lipid, Nucleic Acid
  2. Water is polar and it can dissolve other polar substances.
  3. covalent
  4. hydrogen
  5. (See picture on right)
  6. Activation energy
  7. enzyme

Cells

  1. Ocular x Objective = total magnification
  2. Diaphragm (under the stage)
  3. Start with the scanning power objective. Use the coarse adjustment to find the image in the eyepiece. Use the fine adjustment to fine tune the image. Increase the power of the objective lenses without touching the coarse objective knob. You can fine tune using the fine adjustment knob each time the objective power is increased.
  4. nucleus; prokaryotes
  5. prokaryotes; eukaryotes
  6. Animal Cell; Plant Cell

A) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum—makes proteins and sends them to the Golgi apparatus. (ribosomes are attached)

B) Cytoplasm—liquid matrix of the cell suspending all the organelles

C) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum—makes lipids and sends them to the Golgi apparatus. (ribosomes are not attached)

D) Nucleolus—makes ribosomes

E) Nucleus—control cell functions; chromosomes located here

F) Mitochondria—provides most energy used by the cell by breaking down food to create ATP

G) Golgi Apparatus-- receives proteins from the ER and sends them to specific parts of the cell and body

H) Ribosome—makes proteins

I) Cell Membrane—controls what enters and leaves the cell

Plant Cell

J) Cell wall—provides protection and support for the cell

K) Nucleus—control cell functions; houses chromosomes

L) Cell membrane—controls what enters and leaves the cell

M) Endoplasmic Reticulum—makes proteins and sends them to the Golgi apparatus

N) Chloroplast—captures sun energy and stores energy in glucose (food)

O) Vacuole—storage site for water and other nutrients used by the cell

  1. chloroplasts, cell wall and a large central vacuole
  2. centrioles
  3. It allows some things to cross but restricts other things
  4. maintaining a stable internal environment
  5. a. lipids: have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail; water resistant barrier
    b. proteins: act as passageways for large and charged particles
    c. carbohydrates: act like chemical ID tags for other cells
  6. The heads are hydrophilic and love water the tails are hydrophobic and hate water. The tails sandwich themselves in the middle so they are not in constant contact with water.
  7. Fill in the chart below

Type of Transport / Description / Diagram
Diffusion / Movement of particles from areas of high concentration to areas of lower concentration / Figure 7-14 Pg. 184
Osmosis / Movement of WATER from an area of high water concentration to low water concentration (from a low solute concentration to higher solute concentration in order to create equilibrium) / Figure 1-15 Pg 185
Facilitated Diffusion / Movement of particles from areas of high concentration to areas of lower concentration WITH THE HELP OF A CARRIER PROTEIN / Figure 7-17 Pg 187
  1. a. waterb. osmosis
  2. a. active transport pumps salt outb. homeostasis
  3. low, high (endocytosis, exocytosis, etc.)
  4. high, low (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, etc)

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

  1. 6H2O + 6CO2 + Light Energy C6H12O6 + 6O2
  2. Chloroplast
  3. C6H12O6 + 6O2  6H2O + 6CO2 + Chemical Energy (in the form of ATP)
  4. Mitochondria
  5. stored, usable
  6. They both involve the use of the same elements and compounds (oxygen, sugar, water, and carbon dioxide) and they both result in the transformation of energy.The reactants of each are the products of the other. The energy source for photosynthesis is light energy and the energy source of respiration is chemical energy.
  7. D. Oxygen is produced during photosynthesis and used during cellular respiration.
  8. Absorb all wavelengths except for green. It reflects green light so you see green light.
  9. Glycolysis is the process in which one molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) is broken in half, producing two 3 carbon molecules of pyruvic acid (pyruvate) It uses 2 ATP molecules but 4 ATP molecules are created. Net gain: 2 ATP. The Krebs Cycle breaks down pyruvic acid from glycolysis into carbon dioxide (CO2) releasing energy as ATP, NADH, and FADH2; 2 ATP are produced. In the Electron Transport Chain, the energy from electrons that is stored in NADHand FADH2 is transferred between electron carrier molecules and is used to make ATP; O2, NADH, and FADH2 are used and ATP, H2O, and 32 ATP are produced.
  10. Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport chain;
  11. Fermentation
  12. Alcoholic; Lactic acid

Differentiate glucose and ATP and know when the cell uses each.

  1. ATP, glucose
  2. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
  3. A. Adenine (Nitrogenous Base) B. Ribose (5 carbon sugar) C. 3 inorganic phosphates
  4. Energy is stored in the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate

Mitosis and Meiosis

  1. a. Interphase - G1 (Cell growth), S (DNA Replication), G2 (Preparation for mitosis); b. Cell Division/M Phase – mitosis and cytokinesis
  2. Nucleus; Cytoplasm

1. Prophase- Chromatin condenses to produce chromosomes, centrioles separate, spindle

Forms 2. Metaphase- Chromosomes line up across the center of the cell, chromosomes connected to the spindle fiber at the centromere 3. Anaphase- Sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes and move apart 4. Telophase - Chromosomes gather at opposite ends of the cell and two nuclear envelopes form

  1. Chromosome a. centromere b. sister chromatids
  2. Chromosomes

Property / Mitosis / Meiosis
Type of cells / Somatic / Gametes
Number of daughter cells / 2 / 4
Diploid or haploid daughter cells? / Diploid / Haploid
Genetically identical
parent cells? / Identical / Not identical
  1. 38, 19
  2. Gametes
  3. binary fission
  4. budding
  5. sex cells (Sperm and egg)
  6. A zygote is a diploid cell formed when the nucleus of an egg and the nucleus of a sperm fuse.
  7. Fertilization is the process of an egg cell and sperm cell joining together to form a zygote.
  8. Growth/division, tumor

Chapters 11, 14: Genetics

  1. 46, 23
  2. X
  3. Two different alleles (ex: Tt)
  4. Two identical alleles (ex: homozygous dominant TT or homozygous recessive tt)
  5. Genotype refers to which alleles are present (ex: Aa). Phenotype refers to the physical characteristic (ex: blue eyes)
  6. c
  7. A dominant allele masks a recessive allele in the phenotype.
  8. A recessive allele gets masked by a dominant allele.
  9. Bb
  10. bb
  11. Complete the punnett square
  12. 1:2:1
  13. 3:1
  14. a. 50% b. 50%
  15. c
  16. GH, Gh, gH, gh; BF, Bf