Progress Report – SANTOLIC/CLTS in Bolivia
For: Lic. Susana Sandoz
WATER and SANITATION Officer
By: Lic. Beatriz Condori Yave
SANTOLIC CONSULTANT
Ref: State of SANTOLIC/CLTS in Bolivia
Date: 26 November, 2007
1. INTRODUCTION
The consultant’s involvement initiates from a requisition of UNICEF in the department of Hygiene and Promotion, to execute the strategy of SANTOLIC/CLTS (Community Led Total Sanitation). SANTOLIC has been fully developed in various countries of the South and Southeast of Asia and East Africa. The theme of central analysis is open defecation. The intervention is both practical and visual, promoting a change in the behaviour of the informed community, without receiving subsidies, in an effort to end the custom of open defecation.
The SANTOLIC experience includes a social process that is motivated by identified and trained local leaders. The leaders are trained with the philosophy to provoke feelings of shame and repugnancy with respect to the custom of open defecation. This encourages the consideration of the local situation, including the contamination risks to the surrounding environment and the dangerous consequences to health of the inhabitants in the community.
This report discusses the advances of the SANTOLIC experiences in Bolivia over four months. The information is organized according to the following details:
1. Training developed by the consultant.
2. The achievements, weaknesses and lessons learned for regions in active communities.
3. Pilot communities activated in 2006.
4. New communities covering SANTOLIC in UNICEF.
2. SANTOLIC TRAINING DEVELOPED BY THE CONSULTANT
Month: September 2007Location – Cochabamba
Participants NGO, municipal and departmental community workers, UNICEF staff
Institutions / Nº Assistants
Men / Women
UNASBVIS / 4 / 4
DESCOMs GM / 38 / 4
CIPAS / 4
PRODIG / 5
CODIS / 1
SEMDE / 1
PRODEIN / 1
PRODELI – UNICEF / 2
EL PROCOR / 2
MUCODE / 3
CEPOIM / 2
KALPACHAS / 3
SUMAJ HUASY / 3
AMAPON / 1
UTIM / 1
VOLUNTARIO CUERPO PAZ / 1
CODIS / 1
DELEGADA – Ayopaya / 1
PARTIAL TOTAL / 70 / 12
82
OTHER INSTITUTIONS / Men / Women
Plan internacional Tarija / 2
Prefectura – UNASBVI / 1
ONG – agua para el pueblo / 1
DESCOM – Tiraque / 1
Téc. DESCOM y HAM – Cuchumuela / 2
Plan Santa Cruz / 3 / 1
PROAPAC / 5
Plan Sucre / 4 / 1
PROHISABA / 2 / 2
SAVE THE CHILLDREN / 2 / 4
PARTIAL TOTAL / 17 / 14
31
TOTAL TRAINED in SANTOLIC / 113
/ Month: November 2007
Location – Cochabamba
Participants NGO, municipal and departmental community workers, UNICEF staff
Institutions / Nº Persons
DESCOM Technician / Works Technicians
UNASBVIS / 3 / 6
DESCOMs GM / 48 / 8
CIPAS / 3
CODIS / 1 / 1
UNICEF CDS / 1
SEMDE / 2 / 1
PRODEIN / 2
MUCODE / 2 / 1
CEPOIM / 1 / 1
SUMAJ HUASY / 2 / 2
AMAPAN / 2 / 1
UTIM G.M. / 12
CDS - UNICEF / 1
Fundación Tinkuy / 1
Prefectura CBBA / 1
PROCOR / 1
PARTIAL TOTAL / 68 / 36
104
UNASBVIS – Departmental Water and Sanitation Unit
DESCOM GM – Municipal Representative for Community Development
NGOs: CIPAS, PRODIG, CODIS, SEMDE, PRODEIN,
EL PROCOR, MUCOJE, CEPOIM, SUMA HUAS Y, AMAPON, VOLUNTARIO CUERPO PAZ, Fundacion Tinkuv, SAVE THE CHILDREN, PROHISABA, Plan Sucre, PROAPAC, Plan Santa Cruz, Plan Internacional Tarija
KALPACHAS – Community Higiene Promoter
UTIM – Municipal Technician
3. ADJUSTMENTS TO SANTOLIC SEQUENCE IN BOLIVIA AND ELABORATION OF TOOLS
SANTOLIC Sequence in Bangladesh / SANTOLIC Sequence in Bolivia1 / INTRODUCTION of the community facilitator. / 1 / INTRODUCTION of the community facilitator, Coordinating Municipal Reps and local authorities.
IDENTIFICATION of the community and transect walk.
Application of the SANTOLIC checklist and intervention reflection.
2 / PARTICIPATORY ANALYSIS.
Transect walk to provoke disgust.
- hair – feces – glass of water
- fly – feces – illnesses – man
- Map of the areas of defecation.
- Calculations
2 / Activation Process
MAPPING
Community living and areas of defecation.
Participative Analysis
Technicians
Disgust and Shame
Calculations
Action Plans
Prioritize options to eliminate open defecation.
Identify the acknowledged leaders in the community
3 / MOMENT OF ACTIVATION
4 / ACTION PLAN
- Natural leaders
5 / COMMUNITY ACTIONS
FOLLOW-UP
3 / ACCOMPANYING PARTICIPANTS
Members of the CAPyS and local authorities.
4 / FOLLOW-UP
Changes in behavior of community families.
SANTOLIC Sequence in Bolivia
Most Relevant Activities and Tasks / SANTOLIC Tools Created / Objectives
Introduction of Community Facilitator
- Coordination and explanation of SANTOLIC Municipal Reps and local authority
- Application of SANTOLIC criteria checklist to community
- Analysis and reflection of SANTOLIC application. / Intervention Criteria Checklist / To compile relevant aspects of communities, so as to maintain the sustainability of the SANTOLIC intervention.
Team coordination of DESCOM technicians, Municipal Technicians and Kalpachaj and/or local authorities.
Activation Process in the Community
Meeting and organization in the community.
Mapping of the community – areas of open defecation.
Participatory analysis of the technical applications.
Agreement to SANTOLIC in the community. / SANTOLIC Guide.
Presentations of two National workshops for training.
Leaphlets 1 and 2.
Activation report on team. / To relate to orientation material so as to organize the work strategies for the regions.
To introduce the most significant aspects of the activation by regions.
Accompaniment to the Commitments
- Orientation to community chosen techniques (advantages, disadvantages and required materials). DESCOM technicians, works technicians together with Kalpachaj-CAPyS and local authorities.
- Through family visits and/or verifying lists and mapping. / Follow-up checklist.
Monthly report in accordance to monitoring indicators. / To identify the changes in attitude and behaviour of open defecation. To establish strategies of work with leaders and local authorities.
Follow-up of behaviour changes
- Coordination of DESCOM, Kalpachas, CAPyS and local authorities.
- Training families with respect to knowledge and practices encountered. / Follow-up checklist for behaviour changes.
Monthly report in accordance to monitoring indicators.
Final report in accordance to monitoring indicators. / To identify the changes in attitude and behaviour of open defecation. To establish strategies of work with leaders and local authorities.
Municipal Promotion: SANTOLIC Successes
Generation requests short and long deadlines
Planning and/or execution of sanitation project
4. ACTIVE REGIONS WITH SANTOLIC BY NGOs, IDENTIFYING THE ACHIEVEMENTS, WEAKNESSES AND LESSONS LEARNED
4.1. HIGH AND LOW VALLEYS OF COCHABAMBA
Replication of SANTOLIC by NGOs Agua Para el Pueblo and Plan International Sucre.
SUCCESSES / The major immediate changes are the excavation of 25 holes and two families which self-constructed a pour-flush latrine including one with a shower.Local materials and some external materials.
Local authorities are embarrassed to eliminate open defecation.
Families are motivated to live in better conditions.
Some families with technical knowledge self construct pour-flush latrine.
Activation in the 3 communities with wide coverage.
Orientation of tool application is shared with Plan International Sucre and Agua Para el Pueblo facilitators.
WEAKNESSES / Families lack technical and social knowledge for the orientation of the dry latrine
Dig 1 - big grave, difficult to position a latrine slab of these dimensions.
Lack of time to accomplish the SANTOLIC commitments due to farming activities and/or other community works.
Inadequate follow-up of commitments made in the activation of SANTOLIC
Existing latrines by CARE with deficient drainages, Zamora.
Community accustomed to receive precarious subsidies, require making changes in a voluntary way.
Inhabitants complain a lack of technical and social accompaniment, Zamora.
LESSONS LEARNED / SANTOLIC activation was a success. It was weak in accompaniment per family.
To prioritize the earnings with SANTOLIC in communities without the intervention of NGOs.
Communities intervened with NGOs expect immediate aid.
Full strategic alliance with the CAPyS, health promoters, local authorities and others, helps to generate community led mobilization.
Technical orientation should be conducted immediately following the activation of SANTOLIC.
Continual follow-up by DESCOM, UNASBVI, Municipal Reps and Municipal Technicians in communities with SANTOLIC.
4.2. VALLEY – Tarija and Llano Oriental Santa Cruz
Replication of SANTOLIC by NGOs Santa Cruz and Plan International Tarija.
SUCCESSES / Better commitment to use dry latrines, improved rough latrine slabs, use of covers, and ash, Yateirenda.Commitments to give the example to remaining families in the community, Yateirenda.
Associate the elimination of open defecation with the improvement of living with the location of a complete toilet model. Collection of 160 Bs per family for toilet. Orozas C.
Two familias de Orozas C complete pit latrine.
SANTOLIC activation in 90% of both communities.
SANTOLIC orientation process of facilitators of Plan International Tarija and Santa Cruz.
Orientation towards the use of the SANTOLIC tools to facilitators of Plan International Tarija and Santa Cruz.
WEAKNESS / Lack of motivation of Orozas Centro because it was not possible to realize the improvement of the housing with CARITAS.
Disappointment of the community of final results, request return of the 160 Bs contribution.
One family in Orozas C. oversize the excavation of the hole for the dry latrine.
Lack of SANTOLIC orientation of the leader, voluntary peace corps and/or Plan International Tarija facilitator.
There was no hold of SANTOLIC tools.
The SANTOLIC process was not clear following the activation in the in the 2006 workshop.
LESSONS
LEARNED / The realization of the SANTOLIC activation was a success in the 2 intervened communities.
In Orozas C, SANTOLIC was weakened because it was linked to the improvement of housing.
Yateirenda was inspired by the leader to live in better conditions.
The optimum follow-up strategy is with a health promoter and community leader, Yaterienda.
Technical orientation and subsequent immediate social orientation at the SANTOLIC activation, agreed with the technical option prioritized in the community.
SANTOLIC tools delivered with delay after 9 months.
4.3. Peri-urban Area of Llallagua - Potosí
Replication of SANTOLIC by NGO PROAPAC
SUCCESSES / 10 families will connect to the drainage system.The PROAPAC integrated SANTOLIC in their strategy in the semi-urban sectors of Llallagua.
Use of local materials and external materials agreed with their economic resources.
SANTOLIC was prioritized in zones which have water connections.
Detection of the elimination of open defecation in surroundings.
Diffusion of SANTOLIC in the institution and/or semi-urban zones led by two facilitators trained in 2006.
Orientation and socialization of SANTOLIC tools.
Diffusion of SANTOLIC in the last course at the health centre.
New personnel are familiar with the form of work in SANTOLIC.
Presidents of the local councils are familiar with the scope of SANTOLIC.
Some inhabitants hold technical knowledge of the construction of toilets.
WEAKNESSES / The elimination of open defecation is partial. Not all families in the zones are connected to the drainage system.
Lack of economic resources for some families.
In some households, there are not homeowners living, rather only tenants.
Change in qualified personnel in 2006 in PROAPAC.
LESSONS LEARNED / Some families prioritize the construction of toilets by necessity.
According to the level of household income, it was shown that some build modestly and others invest more in their comfort.
SANTOLIC was in agreement with the institutional needs.
The institution did not record a registry of the SANTOLIC advancements.
Flexibility of SANTOLIC in different contexts.
Follow-up alliances and diffusion of SANTOLIC through the presidents of local councils.
The SANTOLIC rescues the experiences of the inhabitants in relation to the construction of the toilets and/or latrines, using their own experiences.
5. STATE OF SANTOLIC PILOT PROJECTS in 2006
SUCCESSES / Self construction of 113 dry latrines and 4 pour-flush latrines, with local and external materials.Recover the use of the 133 old latrines at 10 of the original communities.
Allied strategic members of the CAPyS and councils of townspeople.
Established drainage connections using local and external materials.
Example of SANTOLIC in changes to behaviour.
Of the 10 original communities, 5 communities were successful with SANTOLIC in eliminating open defecation (Toluyo, Lawa Lawa, Chiriquana and Vinto in the Municipality of Uncía and Pata Pata in the Municipality of Chayanta in the department of Potosí)
Community technical orientation from the construction of the latrines.
Technical knowledge in the community in the construction of the dry latrine and/or pour-flush latrine.
Some leaders, despite not holding an official title this year are still legitimizing the SANTOLIC mandate.
Mobilization to eliminate open defecation by families who live permanently in the community.
WEAKNESSES / SANTOLIC leaders with precarious support from local authorities.
Precarious motivation for some families with respect to SANTOLIC.
Partial activation of SANTOLIC in some pilot communities.
In some communities, absence of local authorities to activate or influence changes.
Precarious follow-up of SANTOLIC advancements.
Lack of follow-up tools and formal agreements to report SANTOLIC.
Lack of clarity in SANTOLIC commitments with allied NGOs.
Some families have rooms constructed in the community but do not live there (they live in Chapare, Cochabamba, Chayanta and Unciá) they come occasionally. Specifically 5 families in Vinto and 1 family in each of Lawa Lawa and Chiriguna.
LESSONS LEARNED / Close alliances with members of CAPyS, promoters of health and local authorities for the follow-up of the SANTOLIC advances.
Natural leaders did not work for the follow-up of SANTOLIC.
The junior leaders lost strength due to the lack of accompaniment after the activation.
Changes in behaviour has its process depending on the motivation and/or follow-up.
Integration of NGO facilitator’s duties with SANTOLIC follow-up Integration in NGO’s policies of SANTOLIC as a participatory method.
The flexibility of SANTOLIC favors integration into peri-urban zones.
6. NEW AREAS PLANNED FOR SANTOLIC INTERVENTION BY UNICEF IN 2007