Industrialization and SegregationReview
Between the Civil War and World War I, ______replaced the family-owned business as the main form of business organization. A corporation is a type of business that raises capital or ______through the sale of ______. ______is shares of ownership in a corporation, while the ______are the part owners of a corporation. Incorporation brings several advantages to a business, including the ability to raise large amounts of ______and limited ______. Limited liability means the ______itself, rather than the individual ______, is responsible for the business’s actions.
Many inventions contributed to the industrialization of America during the second half of the nineteenth century. The development of the ______process made possible the large-scale production of steel. The Bessemer process was a cheap and practical way of making ______by forcing a blast of cold air through molten iron to clean it of its impurities. Molten iron is iron that has been heated to a liquid state. The Bessemer process was developed in 1857 by an Englishman named ______. ______of Kentucky claimed to have developed the same process before Bessemer. These two men’s rival patents were merged in the United States in 1866, and almost immediately American steel mills used the ______process in steel production. The mass production of steel made possible the construction of tall buildings called ______.
______perfected the incandescent light bulb for everyday use in homes and commercial businesses. ______invented the telephone. Orville and Wilbur ______were responsible for the first successful airplane flight. Henry Ford first used the ______-______in automobile production. Andrew Carnegie made an immense fortune in the ______industry. J.P. Morgan made a huge fortune in banking or ______. John D. Rockefeller made millions of dollars in the ______business. Cornelius Vanderbilt became wealthy by owning ______.
Three factors contributed to the economic transformation of America during the late nineteenth century. First, the federal government generally followed a ______
______economic policy. Second, the labor supply grew rapidly, because of ______and migration of Americans from the ______to the ______. Third, the United States possessed a wealth of ______rivers and ______resources. Navigable rivers are those possessing deep enough water for ______to travel. Capitalism is an economic system based on ______ownership of business and free ______. The goal of capitalism is for a business to make a ______. The theory of laissez faire was developed by the eighteenth century Scottish economist ______. In 1776 he published the laissez faire economic theory in a book entitled The ______of ______. Under laissez faire policy, ______was supposed to leave business alone. It would not interfere in the economy; government would neither pass laws to help business nor hinder business by government regulation. During the nineteenth century the United States government did / did not follow a strict policy of laissez faire, because the federal government passed laws which helped / hindered business. Two examples of government assistance were laws, which provided for ______and those which provided ______for railroad corporations. Two factors increased the labor supply in American ______during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. First, tens of thousands of ______came to the United States between 1865 and World War I. Second, thousands of native-born Americans moved from ______to American ______.
During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, ______discrimination increased in the United States. Legislatures in all the ______states passed “Jim Crow” laws. These laws provided for racial ______or separation of the ______. By the early twentieth century, the South not only required racial segregation, but also had denied most African-Americans the right to ______. Racial prejudice against African-Americans was apparent in acts of intimidation used by Southern whites against the region’s black citizens. ______, hanging without a trial, became a major method of white intimidation of African-Americans. As a result of this racial discrimination and extreme poverty, many Southern African-Americans began to move to ______cities. This movement of African-Americans during the early 20th century from the South to the North to escape poverty and discrimination is often called the “______.” African-American migration to the north speeded up during ______, because the enlistment of thousands of white males in the U.S. Army opened up jobs for African-Americans.
The United States Supreme Court made the situation in the South worse for black Americans when in 1896 it handed down its decision in the case of ______v. ______. In this case the Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation in public facilities was constitutional as long as ______but ______facilities were provided for blacks. Thereby, ______v. ______set legal precedent for racial segregation in all areas of Southern life. In practice, the separate facilities provided for African-Americans were seldom, if ever, ______. The Supreme Court’s decision in the Plessy case disappointed African-Americans, who had hoped the nation’s highest federal court would ______Southern state laws in a way that would respect the intent of the ____th and 15th Amendments.
Two men emerged as leaders of the African-American community during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. First, ______. ______, who founded Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, believed the way to African-American equality was through ______education and ______success. He hoped that once blacks made gains economically, Southern whites would be willing to extend ______equality to African-Americans. In the early twentieth century, __. __. __. ______became a major African-American critic of Booker T. Washington.
DuBois wanted immediate ______equality for African-Americans. He argued that African-Americans would remain powerless in America as long as they were denied the right to ______. Consequently, W.E.B. DuBois joined an interracial group of reformers, who in 1909 founded the ______. This acronym stood for the ______Association for the ______of ______, an organization that has worked to gain ______rights for African-Americans. ______. ______led an anti-lynching crusade and called upon the federal government to take action on this issue.
The industrialization of the United States between 1877 and 1920 had four major results. First, a small number of Americans made tremendous ______and became wealthier than any previous Americans in the nation’s history. Second, industrialization raised the American ______of ______. Third, workers organized national ______. Fourth, clashes occurred between ______and ______. Industrialization also created many social problems in American ______during the late 19th century. These social problems included dangerous ______conditions and the use and abuse of ______and ______workers. Factory workers faced ______hours, ______wages, _____ job security, and ____ benefits. Often factory workers had to live in ______towns. In company towns workers had to rent housing, owned by their ______, and were expected to pay rent, even when they were laid off.
Many American workers joined unions. A union is an organization of workers, which tries to gain ______wages, ______working conditions, and better employee ______. The first important union in the United States was the ______of ______. The Knights of Labor was destroyed by the ______Riot, which was a violent fight in ______in 1886 between workers and police. The AF of L grew more slowly than the Knights of Labor and at first lost most of its struggles with ______. For example, in 1892 the AF of L was involved in the ______Strike, which was a bloody and unsuccessful strike at the ______Steel Company. ______was the founder and first major leader of the AF of L. The AF of L eventually evolved into the ______-______, which is the most powerful union in the United States today. ______V. ______was the leader of the American Railway Union. This union was destroyed by the ______Strike. The ______Strike was an 1894 strike by railroad employees against the ______Company, which made railroad sleeping cars. The ______Union was an early attempt to organize women who worked in textile factories.
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