Industrial and Social Revolution
Chapter 13 Study Guide
World Studies: Third Edition
Vocabulary – be able to define the following terms.
Agricultural and Industrial Revolution
1. crop rotation – planting different crops in the same fields each year; For example, wheat would be planted one year and then cotton the next year. This kept the soil enriched and allowed for an increased food supply.
2. seed drill – a machine that planted seed in evenly spaced rows; this meant that farmers no longer had to sow the seed by hand
3. threshing machine – a machine that would quickly separate wheat from the husks and stalks
4. Eli Whitney – the man who invented the cotton gin
5. cotton gin – a machine that combed seeds out of cotton; This machine could process 50 pounds per day. Before this machine was invented, a person could only process 1 pound of cotton per day.
6. Industrial Revolution – the 200 year time period (1700-1900) in which there was a change from human and animal power to machine power; goods would now be made by machines rather than by hand
7. Great Britain – the place where the Industrial Revolution began
8. steam engine – an engine that was powered by steam; the steam engine was used in early factories, boats, and trains; this was one of the most important inventions during the Industrial Revolution; the steam engine provide consistent and reliable power; the steam engine used coal or wood to heat water and turn it to steam
9. James Watt – improved the steam engine to make it a lot more efficient
10. cottage industries – little businesses in people’s homes such as spinning wool and making cloth; before the industrial revolution, most goods were made at home
11. factory – large buildings where machines are grouped together; during the Industrial Revolution, many goods were made in large factories rather than in homes; conditions in early factories were poor, however, and people often had to work long hours with dangerous machines
12. entrepreneurs – a person who organizes and manages a business; people who make and sell a product or invention
13. patent – a government protection of a person’s new product or invention that prevents others from making and selling your product
14. capital – money or property owned by a business
15. division of labor – many different people working together to produce one product; For example, to make an affordable pencil requires a lot of people doing a lot of different jobs.
16. textile – cloth that is either woven or knitted
Rise of Social Reform
17. tenements – overcrowded slum apartments
18. cities – a large town or densely populated area; rapid growth of cities with a lot of industry resulted in air and water pollution
19. middle class – a group of people who were not poor nor excessively rich; through diligence and hard work, a poor person could work his way up the social ladder into this middle class
20. labor union – an organization formed to represent workers in a factory; had everyone go on strike at the same time so that the business would be shut down and would lose a lot of money unless it was willing to pay the workers higher wages
21. 1833 Factory Act – a government law that limited child labor; children under nine were not allowed to work in a textile mill
22. Mines Act – this law barred all women and any boys under age ten from working the mines
23. Ten Hour Bill - this law stated that women and children were not allowed to work more than ten hours per day
24. George Whitefield – an influential preacher during the Great Awakening who often preached outdoors to crowds; some of these crowds may have been as large as 20,000 people
25. Jonathan Edwards – a Christian preacher and theologian in America during the revivals who is still known for his books and powerful sermons including “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”
26. Great Awakening – the spiritual revival in the American colonies that brought many to salvation; this revival lasted for about 40 years (one generation)
End of Slave Trade
27. Triangle-Trade – the slave trade arrangement that was in the form of triangle connecting together Africa, the American Colonies, and Europe
28. abolition – the putting an end to the practice of slavery
29. John Newton – the author of the hymn “Amazing Grace”; Although he formerly was the captain of a slave ship, after his conversion he worked hard to put an end to the slave trade.
30. William Wilberforce – a member of parliament who worked hard to end slavery in the British Empire; due to his efforts, one month after his death, slavery was ended in the British Empire
31. Frederick Douglass - a former slave in America who escaped to the North and worked hard to abolish slavery in the states
32. cotton – a crop used in making cloth that is grown in the southern states; it became a highly profitable crop after the invention of the cotton gin; the use of slave labor in the cotton fields made slavery very important to the South
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