1
PROJECT REPORT
On
INVENTORY OF ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION FACILITIES AND WATER SUPPLY IN THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS
IN NGOMA SECTOR OF THE HUYE DISTRICT
By
TUYISENGE Fidèle
Reg No: UG10107323
Under the guidance of
Prof. James Grant Monney,
(Ph.D)
Submitted to the DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
in the FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES
in partial fulfilment of requirement
for the award of degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE
in Civil Engineering
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF RWANDA
FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
September, 2011
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this Project Report titled “INVENTORY OF ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION FACILITIES AND WATER SUPPLY IN THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS
IN NGOMA SECTOR OF THE HUYE DISTRICT” is the bonafide work of Mr TUYISENGE Fidèle, who carried out the Research under my supervision. Certified further, that to the best of my knowledge the work reported herein does not form part of any other project report or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion on this or any other candidate.
Signature of the Supervisor Signature of the H.O.D
Name of the Supervisor Name of the H.O.D
Prof. James Grant Monney Ph.D.
Signature of Internal Guide/ Signature of External Guide/
Name: Name:
Submitted for University examination held in September, 2011 at National University of
Rwanda, University Avenue, Butare, Rwanda.
DECLARATION
I declare that, the Project entitled, “INVENTORY OF ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION FACILITIES AND WATER SUPPLY IN THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN NGOMA SECTOR OF THE HUYE DISTRICT” is
original work and has never been submitted to any University or other Institutions of Higher Learning. It is my own research whereby other scholar’s writings were cited and references provided. I thus declare this work is mine and was completed successfully under the supervision of Prof. James Grant Monney Ph.D.
Student signature
Name: TUYISENGE Fidèle
DEDICATION
To the almighty God,
To my parents,
To my brothers and sisters,
To Urugwiro Family,
To my friends and colleagues,
To all who helped to complete this work.
AKNOWLEDGEMENT
I have received tremendous assistance and encouragement from several people to perform my academic duties along my studies. Firstly, I would like to express my gratitude to Prof. James Grant Monney Ph.D who accepted the challenge of supervising me. Several discussions I had with him and his comments on several drafts of this Research Project have been very illuminating.
I am also grateful to the National University of Rwanda, especially, the Department of Civil Engineering for the concern they have had over years of our stay at the University.
My Dad, Mum, brothers and sisters have been constantly caring for and inquiring about me and my well-being. I am grateful to them.
My intellectual acknowledgement goes to My Classmates, Roommates, Urugwiro family, Imararungu family, Fellow Students and Friends sharing Academic Life for of course, their intellectual encouragement and support throughout my current life state.
May God bless you All.
ACRONYMS
E.A.B: Ecole Autonome de Butare
E.S : École Secondaire
EAVK: École Agronomique et Vétérinaire de Kabutare
EDPRS: Economic Development & Poverty Reduction Strategy
ENDPK: École Notre Dame de la Providence Karubanda
F.T : Female Teacher
G.S : Groupe Scolaire
GSBC: Groupe Scolaire Butare Catholique
GSOB : Groupe Scolaire Officiel De Butare
IDWSSD: International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade
K.U: Kandagira Ukarabe
M.T: Male Teacher
MDGs: Millennium Development Goals
MININFRA: Ministry of Infrastructure
MOH: Ministry of Health
NUR : National University of Rwanda
PS: Petit Séminaire
PSVF: Petit Séminaire Virgo Fidelis
PVC: Polyvinyl Chloride
UN: United Nation
VIP: Ventilated Improved Pit
WBBAW: Washing Basins With Backet Accessed Water
WHO: World Health Organization
TABLE OF CONTENTS
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
DECLALATION
DEDICATION
AKNOWLEDGEMENT
ACRONYMS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
1.3. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
1. 3.1. GENERAL OBJECTIVE
1.3.2. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
1.4. SCOPE OF THE STUDY
1.5. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
1.6. STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. WATER SUPPLY.
2.1.1. DEFINITION
2.1.2. QUALITY OF WATER FOR CONSUMPTION
2.1.3. QUALITY OF WATER FOR CONSUMPTION
2.1.4. TREATMENT OF DRINKING-WATER
2.1.5. WATER QUANTITY
2.1.6. THE LINKS BETWEEN WATER SUPPLY, HYGIENE AND DISEASE
2.1.6.1. Faecal – Oral Diseases:
2.1.6.2. Water – Washed Diseases:
2.1.6.3. Water – Based Diseases:
2.1.6.4. Water – Related Insect Vector Diseases:
2.2. WASTE DISPOSAL
2.2. 1. SOLID WASTE (REFUSE) MANAGEMENT
2.2.1.1. Definition
2.2.1.2. Categories or Sources of Solid Waste:
2.2.1.3. Types of Storage for Solid Wastes
2.2.1.4. Sold Waste Disposal Method:
2.3. EXCRETA DISPOSAL
2.3.1. COMPONENTS OF A LATRINE
2.3.1.1. Superstructure:
2.3.1.2. Defaecation Unit.
2.3.1.3. Excreta Transfer System.
2.3.1.4. Treatment System.
2.3.1.5. Disposal System.
2.3.1.5.1. Description of Non-Water Dependent Systems:
2.3.1.5.2. Description of Water Dependent Systems:
2.3.2. MINIMUM LATRINE ACCOMMODATION.
CHAPTER THREE: DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA
3.1. LOCATION
3.2. THE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HUYE DISTRICT
3.3. POPULATION
3.4. WATER AND SANITATION
3.5. HUYE DISTRICT SCHOOL HEALTH
CHAPTER FOUR: METHODOLOGY
4.1. STUDY DESIGN
4.2. DATA COLLECTION METHOD
4.3. SAMPLING METHOD
4.4. INSTRUMENTS
4.5. DATA ANALYSIS
CHAPTER 5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
5.1. INVENTORY AND WATER SUPPLY OF ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION FACILITIES
5.1.1. WATER SUPPLY INVENTORY
5.1.2. INVENTORY OF ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION FACILITIES
5.1.2.1. Inventory of School Latrines
5.1.2.2. Inventory of School Urinals
5.1.3. SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
5.2. THE ADEQUACY FACILITIES PROVIDED.
5.2.1. TOILETS AND URINALS FACILITIES
5.2.2. WATER STORAGE RECEPTACLE TANK
5.3. HEALTH HYGIENE PRACTICE IN SELECTED SCHOOLS
5.3.1. SCHOOL AWARENESS TO THE HYGIENE PRACTICE
5.3.1.1. Sanitary Condition of the Facilities
5.3.1.2. Hand Washing Facilities
5.3.2. QUALITY OF WATER CONSUMEDN BY PUPILS.
5.3.3. INADEQUATE WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE RELATED DISEAS.
CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1. CONCLUSIONS
6.2. RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
Table 5. 1: Water Source, Availability, Storage Capacity and Number of Years of Facility at School
Table5. 2: Water Source, Availability, Storage Capacity and Number of Years of Facility at School
Table5. 3: Type of Toilet, its Number and Users, Location, Possession of Infant and PDC Toilet, Separate for Boys and Girls.
Table5. 4: Type of Toilet and its Number of Doors in all Primary and Secondary Schools
Table5. 5: Toilet and Urinals Available and Required for Pupils and Teachers
table5. 6: Minimum Latrine Accommodation
Table5. 7: Basic Quantities of Water Required:
Table5. 8: Additional Quantities of Water Required
Table5. 9: Available and Required Water for Boarding and Day Pupils and Staff
Figure5. 1: Source of Water in Secondary Schools
Figure 5. 2: Source of Water in Primary Schools
Figure5. 3: Storage Capacity of the Receptacle or Water Tank in Primary and Secondary Schools.
Figure5. 4: Sanitary Condition of Toilets and Urinals Facilities
Figure5. 5: Hand Washing Facilities
Figure5. 6: Hand Washing after going to the Toilet and Urinals.
Figure5. 7: Inadequate Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Related Diseases in Primary and Secondary Schools of Ngoma Sector of Huye District.
ABSTRACT
This study aims at taking inventory of environmental sanitation facilities and water supply facilities of both the Primary and Secondary Schools in Ngoma sector of Huye District, determining the adequacy or otherwise of these facilities provided, examining the extent to which health hygiene is practised in selected Schools and making recommendations if facilities provided are inadequate.
In order to achieve these goals, a combination of literature and relevant documents review, interview administration for key informants in these schools and a survey was performed.
Most of information from those research instruments was analyzed in qualitative description using Excel as software packages. These are the major findings:
In Secondary School, 64% use piped from municipal system and rain water,18% schools add to these sourcesbore hole with electrical pump and other 18% use only piped from municipal system while in Primary Schools, 50% use both piped water from municipal system plus rain water and other 50% schools use only piped water from municipal system as their main source of water supply.
Pour Flush Toilet is the most used by pupils (78,3% of doors) while for Teachers, the most used is Flush Toilet (83,4% of doors) and The majority of schools, in Primary Schools Secondary Schools use Concrete gutter at floor level Urinals and two Primary Schools use individual ceramic Urinals for pupils and in Secondary Schools, three Schools use individual ceramic urinal for pupils and one school for Male Teachers.
The findings also show that there is a big number of worm (24%), 7% case of Diarrhoea, 5% of Malaria, 2% of Skin Infections, and 1% of Eyesand the presence of these inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene related diseases is an evidence of inadequate water supply, poor sanitation and hygiene because the main objective of water supply and sanitation programmes is to reduce the transmission of faecal-oral diseases and exposure to disease-bearing vectors through the promotion of good hygiene practices, the provision of safe drinking water and the reduction of environmental health risks and by establishing the conditions that allow people to live with good health, dignity, comfort and security.
The term ‘sanitation’, throughout sphere, refers to excreta disposal, vector control, solid wastedisposal and drainage.
1
CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
Clean water is the key to life and every living thing depends on it, it is collected, purified, distributed to guarantee a healthy environment. (JOHN PICKFORD ,1998)
Sanitation is vital for human health, Sanitation generates economic benefits,Sanitation contributes to dignity and social development ,Sanitation helps the environment,and improving sanitation is achievable! (United Nation, 2008)
According to World Health Organization WHO,( 1997,2004, 2007)reports, 1.1billionpeople lack access to an improveddrinking watersupply, 88% of the 4 billion annual cases ofdiarrheal diseaseare attributed to unsafe water and inadequate sanitationand hygiene, and 1.8 million people die from diarrheal diseases each year. The WHO estimates that 94% of these diarrheal cases are preventable through modifications to the environment, including access to safe water.
In developing countries Each year, more than 2.2 million people die from preventable diseases associated with lack of access to safe drinking water, inadequate sanitation and poor hygiene.
In Africa, more than 1 in 3 Africans residing in urban areas currently lack access to adequate services and facilities. In the year 2000, coverage levels for water supply and sanitation were 62% and 60% respectively.
In Rwanda, more than one-third of Rwandans lack access to clean water and 90 percent lack proper sanitation facilities. In addition, lack of clean water and sanitation puts Rwandans at risk of contracting easily preventable illnesses such as malaria, dysentery, cholera, trachoma, typhoid, diarrhea and Schistosomiasis.(World Bank, United Nations, 2009 )
It is in this case that at the UN general assembly in November 1980 the IDWSSD (1981-1990) was launched with all countries adopting the declared target of achieving 100% coverage in water supply and sanitation by 1990. Also the MDGs agreed at the UN in 2000 was to halve by 2015 the proportion of population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. During this summit every country set some goals to achieve regarding the MDGs in different sectors including WES.
Rwanda situation, awareness (of) and measures to resolve the problem is well signified by articles (goals) 3.40, 3.32, 4.43 and4.201 and Table 3.2 of EDPRS Which stipulate that, although the numbers of people benefiting from access to safe water had increased, there had been no change in the proportion of households having access to safe water between 2000 and 2005 (64%). During the EDPRS period, the sector aims at increasing the proportion of the population accessing safe water from 64% to 86%, and the proportion with sanitation services from 38% to 65%.
As regard to water and sanitation, the water and sanitation sector aims to ensure sustainable and integrated water resources management and development for multipurpose use including increased access for all to safe water and sanitation services.
As regards sanitation, the sector plans that the proportion of schools with latrines complying with health norms will rise from 10% to 80%.
It is planned to improve access to sanitation services that meet hygienic standards. The collection and processing of solid waste will be extended to more households and institutions. Finally, the institutional framework for policy-making, planning and implementation in this sector will be enhanced by the development of a National Water and Sanitation Master Plan and by putting in place a results-based monitoring and evaluation system.
Concerning Huye District, the principal sources of water used most in the District are free public fountains used by about 53,7% of the population. A high percentage of the population 7% use poor quality water and only 19,3% have access to clean drinking water. The town does not have a collective system of disposing waste water.
There are private services which collect domestic rubbish at a fee but do not collect public waste. (HUYE DISTRICT DEVELOPMENT PLAN, 2007, P34)
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
According to the World Bank, UNICEF (2005), Worldwide, more children are going to school than ever before in history. Although unsafe sanitation and drinking water, as well as hygiene, account for nearly 20 per cent of all child deaths in the world and at least 7 % of the total global disease burden.
According to Sano,( 2007), lack of sanitation facilities and poor hygiene cause water-borne diseases, such as Diarrhoea, Cholera, Typhoid and several parasitic infections. Moreover, the incidence of these diseases and others linked to poor is highest among the poor, especially, school-aged children.
In 2010, almost one fifth of the world’s population still defecate in the open and 2.6 billion people do not have access to even a basic toilet. Every twenty seconds a child dies as result of poor sanitation. That is 1.5 million preventable deaths each year, and in developing countries Each year, more than 2.2 million people die from preventable diseases associated with lack of access to safe drinking water, inadequate sanitation and poor hygiene.
More than 1 in 3 Africans lack access to adequate services and facilities, and in Rwanda, more than one-third of Rwandans lack access to clean water while 90 percent lack proper sanitation facilities and from EDPRS article 2.42, over 80% of diseases that afflict Rwandans are waterborne, so access to safe water is a precondition for improving environmental and personal health.
According to the Ministry of Health (2008) report on the school savey done in 2008 on the nutritional situation and parasitic infection of primary school children shows that, parasitic infestation, mainly represented by the hookworm, remains a public health problem in few provinces in the country and the national parasitic prevalence is estimated at 25% and hookworm specifically was estimated at 20% at national level. In Huye District, the prevalence rates of hookworm was 30.1%. Again in Huye district a high percentage of the population 7% used poor quality water and only 19,3% have access to clean drinking water and the town does not have a collective system of disposing waste water. There are private services which collect domestic rubbish at a fee but do not collect public waste. (HUYE DISTRICT DEVELOPMENT PLAN, 2007, P34).
In order to reach the first, second, third, forth, sixth and seventh goals of MDGs and the related national goals of increasing access for all to safe water and sanitation services and to reach to the proportion of schools with latrines complying with health norms to rise from 10% to 80%, and to increase girls academic performance which is poor, a constant assessment of what has to be done isnecessary. That is why the Research is about “Inventory of Environmental Sanitation Facilities and Water Supply in the Primary and Secondary Schools in Ngoma Sector of the Huye District” and this Research seeks to arouse awareness of School Managers to take the issue of environmental sanitation facilities and water supply in the Primary and Secondary schools seriously.
1.3. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
The objectives of Research are divided into general and specific objectives.
1. 3.1. GENERAL OBJECTIVE
To assess the extent of provision of environmental sanitation facilities and water supply in the Primary and Secondary Schools in Ngoma sector of Huye District.
1.3.2. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
1.To take inventory of environmental sanitation facilities and water supply facilities of both the Primary and Secondary Schools in Ngoma Sector of Huye District.
2.To determine the adequacy or otherwise of these facilities provided.
3.To examine the extent to which health hygiene is practiced in selected Schools.
4.To make recommendations if facilities provided are inadequate.
1.4. SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The Huye District is a very huge District, it has 581,5 km2 of total area and 14 Sectors, the number of Primary Schools is 87and for Secondary Schools is 27. Because of his huge area (region) and anenormous number of Primary and Secondary Schools, the present Research Project will be only focussed and limited to the personal hygiene, school sanitation and solid waste management of the Primary and Secondary Schools of Huye District in Ngoma Sector.
1.5. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Environmental sanitation is an essential factor contributing to the health, productivity and welfare of people. Improved sanitation aims to break the cycle of disease transmission from faeces to the environment in the first round. Water and hygiene interventions aim to break second round transmission routes. (Hugh et al., 2009)
This will be valuable for several people and Government including:
To the Researcher, this study will add to existing knowledge in this subject matter and other related Research may be carried out stemming from this particular study.
This Research will provide the better understanding and use of environmental sanitation facilities, personal hygiene practices and solid waste management to the Primary and Secondary Schools of Ngoama Sector of Huye District and others.
Policy maker in framing a sound and flexible system of regulation and supervision of school hygiene and sanitation.
1.6. STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT
This Report comprises six Chapters. Chapter One is an Introduction of the study and it is composed of background, problem statement, research objectives, scope of the study, and significance of the study and structure of report. Chapter Two presents an overview of the literature on the role of water and environment in diseases spreading and the different methods of preventing and controlling diseases which may be induced through water and environment.