Table 5. Summary of the markers most commonly used for immunophenotyping of leukemia and lymphoproliferative disorders (LPD)

Differentiation antigen / Normal expression, molecular family, function / Application to hematological disorders
CD1 / Corticothymocytes, IGSF* / T-ALL (T-III only), Langerhans histiocytosis
CD2 / T-cells, NK cells, IGSF, adhesion molecule / T-ALL (except T-I)
T-lineage LPD
Some AML with inv(16)
Malignant mast cells
CD3 / T-cells, IGSF, multimolecular complex associated to the T-cell receptor (TCR) on mature T-cells'surface, cytoplasmic expression early in T-differentiation / T-ALL (cytoplasmic)
T-lineage LPD
CD4 / T-helper cells, IgSF, involved in class II restriction of antigen recognition
Monocytes at a lower level / T-ALL(except T-I)
T-lineage LPD
pDC leukemia
Some AML with monocytic differentiation
CD5. / T-cells, SRSF**, adhesion molecule
B1-like cells of innate immunity / T-ALL (except T-I)
T-lineage LPD
Some B-lineage LPD (CLL, MCL)
CD7 / T-cells, NK cells, IGSF, adhesion molecule / T-ALL (including T-I)
T-lineage LPD
Some AML (poor prognosis)
Down regulated on Sezary CD4+ cells
CD8 / Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. IGSF, involved in class I restriction of antigen recognition / T-ALL (except T-I)
Some T-lineage LPD
CD9 / Ubiquitous , tetraspanin, involved in the tetraspan web / B-ALL
Some atypical MPL
CD10 (CALLA antigen) / Hematogones, neutrophils, epithelial cells of the gut and kidney, metalloendopepetidase family, ectopeptidase. / B-ALL (except B-I but all B-II)
Follicular B lymphomas
CD11a, CD11b, CD11c, CD18 / Lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, integrins superfamily. CD18 is the beta2-chain of integrins / CD11a and CD18 are absent from APL.
High levels of CD11c on HCL.:
CD13 / Myeloid cells, monocytes, neutrophils, epithelial cells of the gut and kidney, ectopeptidase, metalloendopeptidase family, / AML
Sometimes aberrantly expressed in ALL
CD14 / Monocytes, leucine-rich protein family, GPI anchor, LPS receptor / AML of M4 or M5 FAB
CD15. / Granulocytes, lower on monocytes, carbohydrate, Lewis antigen X / AML, some B-ALL
CD16 / Mature neutrophils, NK cells, IGSF with GPI anchor on neutrophils, FcgRIII / Exceptional in AML, NK LPD
CD19 / B-cells, IGSF, associated to the BCR / B-ALL
B-lineage LPD
Some AML
CD20 / B-cells, integral transmembrane molecule with four spans, possible ion channel / Some B-ALL
Most B-lineage LPD
CD22 / B-cells, IGSF, sialoadhesin / Most B-ALL, can be intracytoplasmic
Down regulated on CLL cells
CD23 / B-cell subset, C-type lectin family, IgE low affinity receptor and B-cell growth factor / CLL
CD24 / B-lymphocytes, neutrophils, small 12 amino acids peptide with large acarbohydrate, same family as CD52 / B-ALL
CD25 / Activated T-cells, T-regs, cytokine receptors family, alpha chain of the IL-2 receptor / HCL
Malignant mast cells
CD26 / Activated T-cells, peptidase, HIV co-receptor / Absent from Sezary T-cells
CD30 / Activated lymphocytes, TNF-receptor family, signalling molecule / Anaplastic large cell lymphomas
Hodgkin
CD33 / Monocytes, immature myeloid cells, IGSF, adhesion molecule / AML
Some aberrant expression in ALL
CD34 / Progenitor cells, sialomucin, adhesion molecule / ALL, AML
CD35 / Erythrocytes, Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Monocytes, B-lymphocytes, regulators of complement family, CR1 / AML
CD36 / Monocytes, erythroid lineage, platelets and megakaryocytic lineage, SRSF, adhesion molecule / AML, M6AML
CD38 / Activated lymphocytes, monocytes, hematogones, plasma cells, ectoenzyme, ADP-ribosyl cyclase / Some ALL, plasma cells disorders
Poor,,prognostic factor in CLL
CD41, CD42 and CD61 / Platelets, megakaryocytes, gpIIb, gpIb, gpIIIa, integrins (CD41 & CD61), mucin (CD42), involved in coagulation / M7AML
CD43 / Lymphocytes, leukosialin, adhesion molecule / Upregulated in CLL
CD45 / Panleukocyte marker, tyrosine phosphatase / Discrimination of leukocyte subsets in, combination with cells side scatter (SSC)
CD52 / Lymphocytes, small 12 amino acids peptide with large acarbohydrate, same family as CD24 / ALL, LPD
CD56 / NK-cells, pDC, IGSF, adhesion molecule / Some AML, plasma cells disorders, dysplastic monocytes. Also some carcinomas.
CD57 / NK cells, some activated cytotoxic CD8lymphocytes, carbohydrate / LGL
CD58 / LFA-3, adhesion molecule / Useful for MRD in ALL
CD64 / Monocytes, hematogones, IGSF, FcgRI / AML with monocytic differentiation
CD65 / Neutrophils, carbohydrate / Some AML, some B-ALL
CD68 / Neutrophils, monocytes, SRSF, lysosomal compartment / Some AML
CD71 / Erythroid cells, proliferating cells, transferrin receptor / Most acute leukemias, M6AML
CD94 / Killer lectin-like receptor of NK cells, close to NKG2D / NK cells
CD99 / MIC2 or single-chain type-1 glycoprotein / Useful for ALL MRD
CD103 / Integrin alpha-E, adhesion molecule / HCL
CD117 / Myeloid progenitors, mast cells, IGSF, stem cell factor receptor, tyrosine kinase / AML, mastocytosis, abnormal plasma cells
CD123 / Plasmacytoid dendritic cells, basophils, hemopoietin receptor family, IL-3 receptor alpha chain / Some AML (could be specific for leukemic stem cells), some B-ALL, pDC
CD133 / Myeloid progenitors, pentaspan transmembrane molecules family, prominin-1, plasma membrane organization / AML, ALL
CD138 / Hematogones, plasma cells, syndecan family, adhesion molecule / Plasma cell disorders
CD158 / NK cells, LIR family of MHCI ligands / NK cells
CD200 / Activated lymphocytes, IGSF, adhesion molecule / Discrimination between CLL and MCL
CD235 / Erytrhoid cells, glycophorin gene family, Glycophorin A / M6AML

*IgSF : immunoglobulins super family; ** SRSF : scavenger receptor superfamily