IB Chemistry Option D
Medicines and Drugs
Workbook
Name: ______
Contents
D.1 Pharmaceutical Products
/3
D.2 Antacids
/8
D.3 Analgesics
/10
D.4 Depressants
/14
D.5 Stimulants
/16
D.6 Antibacterials
/18
D.7 Antivirals
/21
IB Chemistry Option d
Medicines and Drugs
The aim of this option is to give students an understanding of how drugs and medicines can influence the functioning of the body. Students should be able to recognize the fundamental structures and relevant functional groups of several classes of drugs and medicines (as listed below or in 11.3.1), and should be able to distinguish between them. Memorizing of complex formulas is not required. Throughout the option, stress the contribution that science has made (and continues to make) toward maintaining and improving the health and well-being of the world's population.
d.1 Pharmaceutical Products (2h)
d.1.1 List the effects of drugs and medicines.
Generally a drug or medicine is any chemical which does one or more of the following :
alters incoming sensory sensations
alters mood or emotions
alters physiological state, including consciousness, activity level or coordination.
Question / ExplanationWhy do people take medicine?
List the main effects of a drug/medicine?
Explain the difference between a food and a drug.
Describe the bodies natural healing processes.
Describe and explain the placebo effect.
d.1.2 Outline the stages involved in research, development and testing of new pharmaceutical products.
Refer to the Thalidomide case as an example of what can go wrong. The use of combinatorial chemistry is not required here, but is covered in B.8.4.
List the steps involved in research, development and testing of new pharmaceutical products. Draw a diagram.
d.1.3 Describe the different methods of administering drugs.
Draw a labeled diagram to distinguish between the 3 main ways of injecting drugs.
d.1.4 Discuss the terms lethal dosage(LD50),tolerance and side effects.
LD50 is the lethal dose required for 50% of the population.
What is a side effect? Give an example.
When does a side effect become a main effect?
What was the main therapeutic use for thalidomide?
What was the main unexpected side effect of thalidomide?
Explain risk to benefit ratio
Explain the development of drug tolerance in some people.
d.2 Antacids (1h)
d.2.1 State and explain how excess acidity in the stomach can be reduced by the use of different bases.
What is the source of stomach acid?
What is the [H+] and pH of gastric juice?
Explain why the acid in the stomach does not affect the stomach wall.
Why do some people develop stomach problems?
List some causes of excessive stomach acid production.
How is excessive stomach acid treated? Why do these treatments work?
Name some common antacids. Give a chemical formula in each case and write an equation. / Al(OH)3
MgO
Mg(OH)2
NaHCO3
List side effects of each of the antacids mentioned above. / Al(OH)3
MgO
Mg(OH)2
NaHCO3
Explain the role of alginates and anti-foaming agents / Alginates
anti-foaming agents
d.3 Analgesics (3h)
d.3.1 Describe and explain the different ways that analgesics prevent pain.
Explain the different ways that analgesics prevent pain.
d.3.2 Describe the use of derivatives of salicyclic acid as mild analgesics and compare the advantages and disadvantages of using aspirin and paracetamol (acetaminophen).
What was the original source of salicylic acid?List the undesirable side effects of salicylic acid.
What reaction turns salicylic acid into aspirin?
Write an equation.
Describe the uses of aspirin.
List the side effects of aspirin
Explain why paracetamol and ibuprofen are often preferred to aspirin for pain relief.
Compare advantages and disadvantages of the various salicylic acid derivatives.
d.3.3 Compare the structures of morphine, codeine and the semi-synthetic opiate, heroin.
Draw the structure of morphine
Draw the structure of codeine
Draw the structure of heroin
Identify and describe the essential differences in the 3 molecules.
What is meant by the active area of a molecule?
d.3.4 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using morphine and its derivatives as strong analgesics.
Include the social as well as physiological effects of both short- and long- term use.
Explain how opiates relieve pain.
List the short term physical effects of using opiates
List the long term physical effects of using opiates
List social consequences of opiate misuse.
Describe the withdrawal symptoms of opiates
Why is methadone used to treat heroin addiction?
d.4 Depressants (3h)
d.4.1 Describe the effects of depressants.
How do depressants act?Effect of low doses
Effect of high doses
Why are depressants sometimes called anti-depressants?
d.4.2 Discuss the social and physiological effects of the use and abuse of ethanol.
Include effects on the family, cost to society and the short- and long-tem health effects.
Effects of use/abuse of alcohol on the family
Effects of use/abuse of alcohol on society
short-term health effects
long-tem health effects
d.4.3 Describe and explain the techniques used for the detection of ethanol in the breath and in the blood or urine.
Explain how a breathalyzer works.
Explain how an intoximeter works.
Explain how gas liquid chromatography works.
d.4.4 Describe the synergistic effects of ethanol with other drugs.
Explain the synergistic effect of alcohol
d.4.5 List other commonly used depressants and describe their structures.
Mogadon structure
Prozac structure
When would these drugs be prescribed?
Advantages?
Disadvantages?
d.5 Stimulants (2.5h)
d.5.1 List the physiological effects of stimulants.
d.5.3 Discuss the short - and long-term effects of nicotime consumption.
List the short term physiological effects of stimulants / AmphetaminesCaffeine
Nicotine
List the long term physiological effects of stimulants / Amphetamines
Caffeine
Nicotine
d.5.2 Compare amphetamines and adrenaline.
Structure of amphetamine
Structure of adrenaline
Identify similarities and differences
Why is amphetamine called a sympathomimetic drug?
D.5.4 Describe the effects of caffeine and compare its structure with that of nicotine.
Structure of nicotine
d.6 Antibacterials (2h)
d.6.1 Outline the historical development of penicillins.
What is the action of anti bacterial drugs?
Describe Alexander Fleming’s contribution to the development of Penicillin. When?
Describe Howard Florey’s contribution to the development of Penicillin. When?
Describe Ernest Chain’s contribution to the development of Penicillin. When?
d.6.2 Compare broad-spectrum and narrow spectrum antibiotics.
Name and describe the action of narrow spectrum antibiotics.Name and describe the action of broad spectrum antibiotics.
Explain why broad spectrum antibiotics are often used before narrow spectrum drugs.
d.6.3 Explain how penicillins work and discuss the effects of modifying the side chain.
Other antibiotics
Effects of side chain modification
d.6.4 Discuss and explain the effect overprescription of penicillins has, and the use of penicillins in animal feedstock.
Examples of overprescriptionEffects of overprescription
d.7 Antivirals (1.5 h)
d.7.1 State how viruses differ from bacteria.
Draw a labeled diagram of a typical virusDescribe viral replication.
List differences between bacteria and viruses.
d.7.2 Describe the different ways in which antiviral drugs works.
How do antiviral drugs such as acyclovir work?
How does amantadine work?
Why is it difficult to develop new antiviral drugs?
d.7.3 Discuss the difficulties associated with solving the AIDS problem.
What causes AIDS?
How does the AIDS virus affect the body?
What strategies have been developed in drug design to eradicate the AIDSvirus? E.g. AZT
END OF STANDARD LEVEL WORK
OPTION C: HIGHER LEVEL EXTENSION
B.8 Stereochemistry in Drug Action and Design (3h)
B.8.1 Describe the importance of geometrical isomerism in drug action.
Draw and name a molecule that can exist as cis and trans isomers.
Explain why is geometric isomerism important in drug action?
Describe the action of cisplatin.
B.8.2 Discuss the importance of chirality in drug action.
What are enantiomers?
What is a racemic mixture?
What is the significance of chirality in drug action? Use thalidomide as an example.
B.8.3 Describe the use of chiral auxiliaries to form the desired enantiomer.
Why are chiral auxilliaries used?
What is the advantage of using chiral auxilliaries?
Give an example of a drug synthesized using this method.
B.8.4 Explain the use of combinatorial chemistry to synthesize new drugs.
Explain the advantage of combinatorial chemistry for finding new drugs.
How is a combinatorial library constructed?
What is solid phase chemistry?
Go to
What is the advantage of solid phase chemistry for this application?
These processes to find new drugs are time consuming and expensive. Outline a possible approach that will make them unnecessary.
B.9 Anesthetics (2h)
B.9.1 Compare local and general anesthetics in terms of their mode of action.
Names and mode of action of local aneastheticsNames and mode of action of general anaesthetics.
B.9.2 Compare the structures and effects of cocaine, procaine, and lidocaine.
Structure of cocaineEffects of cocaine
Structure of procaine
Effects of procaine
Structure of lidocaine
Effects of lidocaine
B.9.3 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of nitrous oxide, ethoxyethane and trichlorometane, cyclopropane and halothane
.
ethoxyethane
trichlorometane
cyclopropane
halothane
Disadvantages / nitrous oxide
ethoxyethane
trichloromethane
cyclopropane
halothane
B.9.4 Calculate the partial pressures of component gases in an anesthetic mixture.
Write a rule for calculating partial pressures as mole fractions.
Do practice problems from the text book.
B.10 Mind-altering drugs (2h)
B.10.1 Describe the effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline, psilocybin and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).
Short term Effects / lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)mescaline
psilocybin
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).
Long term Effects / lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
mescaline
psilocybin
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).
B.10.2 Discuss the structural similarities and differences between LSD, mescaline and psilocybin.
Identify similarities/differences between LSD, mescaline and psilocybin / All have …
However…
B.10.3 Discuss the arguments for and against the legalization of cannabis.
Arguments for legalisation include the ability of cannabis to offer relief for certain disease. Arguments against
legalization include the possible harmful effects and the possibility of cannabis users moving on to harder drugs.
Arguments against legalization of cannabis.
Definitions to Know
Retrieved from "
Alginates-Substances that float on the contents of the stomach to produce a neutralizing layer, preventing heartburn
Alkaloid-Nitrogen–containing compound of plant origin containing a heterocyclic ring and a tertiary amine group
Amphetamine-A sympathomimetic drug, which means it mimics the effect of stimulation on the sympathetic nervous system, that is chemically related to adrenaline and were used to treat narcolepsy during WWII and depression and obesity in the 50’s and 60’s
Antacids -simple bases, such as metal oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, or hydrogen carbonates, that combat indigestion by neutralizing the acid, preventing inflammation, relieving pain and discomfort, and allowing the mucus layer and stomach lining to mend; e.g. Al(OH)3, NaHCO3, CaCO3, milk of magnesia (a mixture of MgO and Mg(OH)2
Antibacterials-Chemicals which prevent the growth and multiplication of bacteria; the first effective one was dye trypan red (sleeping sickness), then salvarsan (syphilis), then prontosil (strep), then penicillin
Anti–foaming agents-Agents used to prevent flatulence; most common is dimethicone
Aspirin-Ethanoate ester of salicylic acid; mild analgesic; prevents blood clotting, strokes and the recurrence of heart attacks
Bacterium-A micro–organism that is made up of a complex mixture of proteins, sugars, and lipids and contains a single chromosome consisting of DNA in each cell
Breathalyzer-A test for alcohol in the breath the individual in question breathes into a tube containing potassium or sodium dichromate crystals of an orange color; if the crystals turn green, the dichromate has been reduced to Cr+3 by a sufficiently high level of alcohol, generally over the legal limit for driving; “Green does not mean go home; it means go directly to jail, do not pass Go, do not collect $200”; this test is not strong enough to be used in a court of law
Broad spectrum antibiotics-Antibacterials that are effective against a wide range of bacteria
Caffeine-The world’s most widely used stimulant; is present in coffee, tea, chocolate, cola drinks, and some painkillers and other medicines
Depressants-Drugs which depress the central nervous system by interfering with the transmission of nerve impulses in the nerve cells; some common depressants include alcohol, benzodiazepine, and prozac
Designer drugs-Drugs created by modifying the structure of an amphetamine
Digestion-The breakdown of food into molecules that can be utilized by individual cells in the body
Ecstasy-A designer drug which relieves Parkinson’s disease but is frequently abused
Gastric juices-Mucus, pepsinogen, and hydrochloric acid
Heartburn-When stomach acid rises up the esophagus
Indigestion-Discomforted caused from excessive acid production; caused by overeating, alcohol, smoking, anxiety, and eating certain types of foods in some individuals
Lethal dose-The dose required to kill fifty percent of the animal population, known as the LD50
Mild analgesic-Reduces suffering from pain by decreasing the level of pain
Narrow spectrum antibiotics-Including penicillins, antibacterials which are effective against only certain types of bacteria
Nicotine-The substance found in tobacco that is largely responsible for causing approximately 1/3 of the world’s population to be addicted to smoking
Pineal gland-A small lump of tissue at the base of the brain that produces melatonin
Risk–to–benefit ratio-The ratio balancing the risks of taking a drug, including side effects, with the benefits garnered from the drug
Side effects-Unwanted repercussions from taking a certain drug
Strong analgesic-Reduces suffering from pain by increasing one’s pain tolerance level; are available only by prescription; most important naturally occurring are morphine and codeine; heroin and Demerol are synthetically produced
Thalidomide-A tranquilizer released in 1958 that was said to cure morning sickness; unrevealed side effects of the drug, which were not revealed until 1961, caused many women who took this drug to give birth to malformed children
Tolerance-Adaptation of the body to a certain drug; a person who develops tolerance for a drug requires larger and larger doses to achieve the original effect
Common Effects of Several Chemicals
Alcohol-Antiseptic, depressant-Alcoholism– psychological and physical dependence, violent behavior, family breakdowns, loss of consciousness at high doses, cirrhosis of the liver, liver cancer, dementia, delirium tremens (DT’s) after sudden discontinuation; lethal when taken with benzodiazepines, narcotics, barbiturates, and solvents and increases stomach bleeding when taken with aspirin
Amphetamines-Sympathomimetism, treats narcolepsy, depression, and obesity-Heart rate and breathing increase, tolerance, dependence, appetite down, possible depression, emotional instability
Antacids-Combat excess stomach acid, preventing inflammation, relieving pain and discomfort, allow the mucus layer and stomach lining to heal (or ulcer)-Diarrhea, constipation, possible bone damage, bloating and belching
Aspirin-Painkiller, can be taken for arthritis and rheumatism, prevents blood clotting, prevent strokes or the recurrence of heart attacks-Bleeding of the stomach, allergies to it can lead to bronchial asthma, Reye’s disease in children under 12 (rare), overdose can lead to acidosis
Caffeine-Stimulant, diuretic, catalyst in painkillers-Restlessness
Ecstasy-Relieves symptoms of Parkinson’s disease-Mental relaxation, increase sensitivity to stimuli, hallucinations, can be fatal after just a single dose
Morphine-Strong analgesic and painkiller-Constipation
Nicotine-Increases concentration and relieves tension-Addiction, increased heart rate and blood pressure, increased risk of heart disease and coronary thrombosis, withdrawal– craving for tobacco, nausea, weight gain, insomnia, irritability, depression
Opiates (Diethanoylmorphine or heroin)-Even more powerful painkiller than morphine and codeine-Short–term: euphoria, painkilling, nervous system depression, breath and heart rate down, high doses lead to coma/death; Long–term: constipation, loss of sex drive, disruption of menstrual cycle, risk of parenterally–distributed diseases, social problems
Paracetamol (Acetaminophen)-Mild pain reliever, preferred over aspiring with children-Kidney damage and blood disorders (rare), overdose can lead to death, kidney, liver, and brain damage
Thalidomide-Combats morning sickness-Causes women to give birth to malformed children
Other Important Facts to Know
Methods of Administering Drugs
1. Mouth (Oral)
2. Inhalation
3. Through the anus (rectal)
4. Injection (parenteral- Three Types: Intravenous, Subcutaneous, and Intramuscular
5. Topically (creams, sprays, drops, e
• The [H+] of HCl in the stomach is between 0.03 and 0.003, and the pH 1.5–2.5
• Legal limit for driving is a BAC of 80 mg alcohol per 100 cm3 blood (check this)
• 1 unit alcohol = ½ pint beer or lager, 1 glass of wine, 1 measure of spirits
Mechanism of Action of Antibiotics
1. Penicillins and the cephalosporins prevent bacteria from making normal cell walls 2. Other antiobiotics act inside the bacteria interfering with the chemical activities essential to their life function.
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