I Read the Texts and Decide on the Prevailing Textual Pattern. Underline the Signal Words

MOCK TEST

I Read the texts and decide on the prevailing textual pattern. Underline the signal words and mark the borders between the pattern elements.

a) Over the past year, scientific evidence has continued to mount showing that stratospheric ozone depletion is even more serious than thought only a few years back. | This poses a major problem, because the ozone layer shields life from harmful solar ultraviolet radiation known as UV-B. Although ozone depletion has been most pronounced at the poles, its effects will be serious at other latitudes, since UV-B, like all solar radiation, increases in intensity toward the equator. At higher latitudes, people will face a greater risk of skin cancer; at lower latitudes, more crop damage and health effects such as cataracts and immune system impairment are likely to occur, and vital links in food chains on land and sea might be broken. |

While the ozone problem has been caused principally by industrialized countries, developing countries will have to join them in reaching a solution. | Their participation is currently facilitated by the 1987 Montreal Protocol (MP), but if the phaseout needs to be accelerated, additional financial incentives and a more flexible way of carrying out the accord would be required.

TEXTUAL PATTERN: ____PROBLEM- SOLUTION______

ELEMENTS: ___SITUATION – PROBLEM – SOLUTION – EVALUATION______

b) Clearly, 'America the Beautiful' deserves to be our national anthem. | For years now, it has been gaining popularity in school assemblies, at official state functions, and even in our ball parks. | The music is simple, dignified, and--most important--easy to sing. The lyrics celebrate our history ('O beautiful for pilgrim feet . . .'), our land ('For purple mountain majesties above the fruited plain'), our heroes ('Who more than self their country loved'), and our future ('That sees beyond the years'). | It is proud but not warlike, idealistic without sounding silly.

TEXTUAL PATTERN: _____GENERAL-SPECIFIC______

ELEMENTS: _____GENERAL STATEMENT – SPECIFIC ITEM 1 – SPECIFIC ITEM 2 – SPECIFIC ITEM 3______

c) In recent decades, cities have grown so large that now about 50% of the Earth's population lives in urban areas. | There are several reasons for this occurrence. | First, the increasing industrialization of the nineteenth century resulted inthe creation of many factory jobs, which tended to be located in cities. These jobs, with their promise of a better material life, attracted many people from rural areas. | Second, there were many schools established to educate the children of the new factory laborers. The promise of a better education persuaded many families to leave farming communities and move to the cities. | Finally, as the cities grew, people established places of leisure, entertainment, and culture, such as sports stadiums, theaters, and museums. For many people, these facilities made city life appear more interesting than life on the farm, and therefore drew them away from rural communities.

TEXTUAL PATTERN: _____CAUSE – EFFECT ______

ELEMENTS: _____EFFECT – (TRANSITION) – CAUSE 1 – CAUSE 2 – CAUSE 3______

d) My hometown and my college town have several things in common. | First, both are small rural communities. For example, my hometown, Gridlock, has a population of only about 10,000 people. Similarly, my college town, Subnormal, consists of about 11,000 local residents. This population swells to 15,000 people when the college students are attending classes. | A second way in which these two towns are similar is that they are both located in rural areas. Gridlock is surrounded by many acres of farmland which is devoted mainly to growing corn and soybeans. In the same way, Subnormal lies in the center of farmland which is used to raise hogs and cattle…

TEXTUAL PATTERN: _____COMPARISON – CONTRAST _____

ELEMENTS: ___GENERAL STATEMENT – COMPARISON 1 – COMPARISON 2

e) When I got home from school after a long boring day, I took out the peanut butter, jelly and bread. | After taking the lid off the jars, I spread the peanut butter on one side of the bread and the jelly on the other, and then I put the two pieces of bread together. | After that, I enjoyed it whole watchingCops on the TV. | I swear, that was the best peanut butter and jelly sandwich I had ever eaten.

TEXTUAL PATTERN: _____(CHRONOLOGICAL) SEQUENCE______

ELEMENTS: ______EVENT 1 – EVENT 2 – EVENT 3 – (EVALUATION)….__

II Analyse the texts in terms of their genre and register.

Genre: ___postcard______

tenor: participants: family members / friends

social distance: close to medium

formality scale: neutral

mode: written

B. VisitRome, capital ofItalyand ancient capital oftheRoman Empire, which is blessed with splendid ruins, delightful markets and intriguing narrow streetsthatbeckon the adventurous explorer.

Genre: _____travel brochure______

tenor: participants: advertiser / tourists

social distance: medium

formality scale: formal / neutral to formal

mode: written

C. Papers should not exceed 7000 words (including footnotes and Works Cited) and should follow the latest MLA Handbook. Papers should be submitted in double-spaced format (two hardcopies and a disk) to the editors of the issue at the following addresses:

Tina Krontiris, School of English, Aristotle University, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece, and Jyotsna G. Singh, Department of English, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1036.

Genre: _____submission guidelines______

tenor: participants: editor / authors

social distance: maximum

formality scale: formal

mode: written

III Transform the following informal sentences into sentences belonging to the formal register:

1You can simply order samples from…

___Samples may be ordered from______

2We can do many things…

___A number of actions may be taken…______

3We are not going to renew the sole representative agreement again because you haven’t produced enough business for us.

___The sole representative agreement shall not be renewed due to your insufficient productivity.

4. This is because the costs have risen.

___This is due to a rise in costs______

4If we don’t receive our fee, we will call a lawyer.

___Should we not receive the fee, legal action will be taken.______

5I give you a week to sort this out.

__You are given a one-week deadline to resolve the issue______

6I talked it over with my friends.

__The matter has been discussed with my peers.______

7They didn’t do anything about the thing I complained about.

___No action has been taken on my complaint.______

8Lately, things got worse.

__Matters have deteriorated as of late.______

9The thing we bought was cheap.

___The purchase we made was inexpensive.______

IVAre these examples of conceptual metaphor or metonymy? Define the underlying metaphor/metonymy. Define the source and the target domains for metaphors.

1. Let me chew it over for a while.

__METAPHOR: IDEAS ARE FOOD; source domain: food, target domain: ideas

2. I have a very dim hope that he'll recover.

_METAPHOR: HOPE IS LIGHT, source domain: light, target domain: hope______

3. There are 20,000 hungry mouths to feed in this region.

__METONYMY: PART FOR THE WHOLE______

4. This marriage has been spinning its wheels for years.

__METAPHOR: MARRIAGE/LOVE IS A JOURNEY, source domain: journey, target domain: marriage/love__

5. Don't pour your money down the drain.

__METAPHOR: MONEY IS A LIQUID; source domain: liquid, target domain: money

6. The waiter: ‘The omelette left without paying’.

__METONYMY: OBJECT USED FOR THE USER______

7. She is in the flower of youth.

_METAPHOR; WOMAN IS A FLOWER, source domain: flower, target domain: woman______

8. He was bombarded by insults.

_METAPHOR: ARGUMENT IS WAR, source domain: war, target domain: argument______

9. His reputation is tarnished.

__METAPHOR: MORALITY IS PURITY, source domain: purity, target domain: morality_____

10. She is my other/better half.

_METAPHOR: LOVE IS UNITY, source domain: unity, target domain: love______

11. This museum has two Van Goghs.

__METONYMY: PRODUCER FOR THE PRODUCT______

12. We're in a lot of trouble now.

__METAPHOR: DIFFICULTY IS A CONTAINER, source domain: container, target domain: difficulty_

13. His eyes smouldered with rage.

___METAPHOR: ANGER IS HEAT/FIRE, source domain: heat/fire, target domain: anger___