11- FLIES
1)Classification:
a)Order: Diptera
b)Complete metamorphosis:
i)Egg
ii)Larvae
iii)Pupae
iv)Adult
c)Suborders:
i)Nematocera- Long-horned flies
ii)Brachycera- Short-horned flies
iii)Cyclorrhapha- Circular-seamed flies (house fly group)
2)Identification characteristics:
a)Head:
b)Wings and thorax:
Suborder: Nematocera
1) Adults:
a)Antennae:
i)Apparently 6-segmented
ii)Often longer than head and thorax combined
iii)Males sometimes plumose
b)Wings: Venation varies from complete to reduced
c)Most slender, soft-bodied, midge-like
d)Relatively long legs and antennae
2)Larvae:
a)Well developed head and horizontal biting mandibles
b)Generally aquatic or living in moist soil
3)Families of interest:
a)Tipulidae: Crane flies
b)Psychodidiae: Moth and sand flies
c)Culicidae: Mosquitoes
d)Ceratopogonidae: Biting midges
e)Chironomidae: Midges
f)Simuliidae: Black flies
Biting midges
(Punkies, no-see-ums)
Family: Ceratopogonidae
1)Characteristics:
a)Very small (<3 mm)
b)Wings:
i)Narrow
ii)Clear or spotted
iii)Wings and wing veins lack scale
2)Larvae:
a)Slender and worm like
b)Often transparent and reddish or orangish
3)Habitat:
a)Adults: Near water
b)Larvae: Mud near water
4)Hosts: non-discriminate
5)Biology: Life cycle: 6-15 w
6)Infestation: Annoyance
7)Diseases transmitted: Blue tongue in sheep
8)Important species:
a)Culicoides spp.
b)Leptoconops spp.
Suborder: Brachycera
1) Adults:
a)Mostly medium sized to large relatively robust insects
b)Antennae:
i)Five or fewer segmented
ii)Typically shorter than head and thorax combined
iii)Rarely with arista
2)Larvae: Incomplete, usually retractile head and vertical mandibles
3)Families of interest: Tabanidae: Horse and deer flies
Horse and Deer flies
Family: Tabanidae
1)Characteristics:
a)Often colorful
b)Stylet antennae
c)Mouthparts: Broad, flat and bladelike
d)Eyes often brightly colored
e)Sexes:
i)Females: Eyes separated
ii)Males: Eyes contiguous
2)Habitat:
a)Adults: Typically near water
b)Larvae: Aquatic and predaceous
3)Hosts:
a)Females: Blood
b)Males: Pollen and nectar
4)Infestation: Painful bite
5)Diseases transmitted:
a)Anaplasmosis
b)Anthrax
c)Equine infectious anemia
d)Tularemia
6)Biology: Eggs typically laid in masses on leaves near water
7)Species:
a)Tabanus spp.(horse flies)
b)Chrysops spp. (deer flies)
Suborder: ______
1)Adults:
a)Antennae:
i)3-segmented
ii)______
2)Larvae:
a)Typical maggot
i)Legless
ii)______
b)______
c)______
3)Families of interest:
a)Chloropidae: Eye gnats
b)Syrphidae: Syprhid flies
c)Hippoboscidae: Louse flies
d)Oestridae: Bot flies
e)Muscidae: Muscid flies (House flies etc.)
f)Tachinidae: Tachinid flies
g)Calliphoridae: Blow flies
h)Sarcophagidae: Flesh flies
Frit flies; Eye gnats
Family: ______
1)Characteristics:
a)______
b)Color variable; typically blackish or grayish
2)Habitat:
a)Adults: ______
b)Larvae:
i)______
ii)Decomposing materials
3)Hosts: ______
4)Infestation: ______
5)Disease transmitted: ______
6)Species: Hippelates spp.
Family: ______
1)Identification:
a)______
b)Underside of scutellum usually without hairs
c)Generally more than 1 sternopleural bristle
d)R5 cell parallel-sided or narrowed distally
e)Squamae well developed
2)Species of interest:
a)House fly
b)Stable fly
c)Tsetse fly
d)Horn fly
e)Face fly
House Fly
______
1)Identification:
a)Adults:
i)6-9 mm; dull gray
ii)______
iii)______
iv)______
v)______
vi)Fourth wing vein sharply angled ending before the wing tip
vii)Hypopleural bristles absent
viii)______
ix)Sexes: ______
b)Larvae: Posterior spiracles
(1)Elliptical
(2)Large
(3)Close together
(4)Centrally located
2)Habitat:
a)Adults:
i)Nights: Inactive; outdoors, resting on fences and buildings
ii)Days: ______
b)Larvae: ______
3)Hosts: None specific
4)Infestation: ______
5)Diseases transmitted (>100 pathogens):
a)______
b)______
c)______
d)Newcastle disease
e)Typhoid
f)______
g)______
6)Intermediate host of:
a)______
b)Summer sores
7)Biology:
a)Life cycle: 8-22 d
b)Up to 12 generations per season
c)Adults live ~15-25 d
d)Adult females deposit 100-150 eggs in decaying organic matter
e)Eggs hatch in ~24 h; Larvae complete development in ~5-14 d
8)Control:
a)______:
i)Spread manure
ii)Remove spilled feedstuff
b)Mechanical: Screens
Face fly
______
1)Identification:
a)Adult:
i)______
ii)______
iii)Propleura are bare
iv)Tuft of stiff black hairs at the base of and between the squamae
b)Larvae:
2)Habitat:
a)Adults:
i)______
ii)Males often found on fence posts and other such areas; rarely on animals
b)Larvae:
3)Hosts:
a)Cattle
b)Horses
4)Infestation:
5)Diseases transmitted (mechanical):
a)Eye worms; Thelazia rhodesii
b)Pink eye; Moraxella bovis
6)Biology:
Stable Fly
______
1)Identification:
a)Adults:
i)5-6mm (~ size of house fly)
ii)______
iii)______
iv)Abdomen dull with irregular dark spots
v)Fourth wing vein greatly curved and ends at wing tip
vi)______
b)Larvae: Posterior spiracles
i)Roughly triangular
ii)Widely separated
iii)Situated near the periphery
2)Habitat:
a)Adults:
i)______
ii)______
b)Larvae: Soiled or fermented organic matter mixed with animal manure
3)Hosts:
a)Cattle
b)Horses
c)Will bite man
4)Infestation:
a)______
b)______
5)Diseases transmitted:
a)No proof that it is a vector of human diseases
b)May cause myiasis in man and domestic animals
c)Animals:
i)Surra (trypanosomal disease of horses and mules)
ii)Infectious anemia of horses
d)Both males and females bite
6)Biology:
a)Life cycle completed in ~14-24 d
b)Female lays eggs in plant wastes more than manure
c)Larvae: 8-30 d
7)Economics:
a)The most economically important fly
b)Feed by piercing the skin and sucking the blood
c)Weight reductions of 0.48# /d and milk reductions of 30-40% have been reported
d)When abundant, cattle will bunch, reducing grazing efficiency
e)Economic threshold: Five flies per front leg
f)Control: ______:
i)Remove manure and mound and pack
ii)Clean feed bunks
Horn Flies
______
1)Identification:
a)Adult:
i)Size: ~3/16” ______
ii)Resembles the stable fly; more slender
iii)______
iv)______
b)Larvae:
2)Habitat:
a)Adult:
i)______:
(1)Around the horn bases
(2)On shoulders and backs of cattle
ii)Move to belly on extremely hot days
iii)Fly in swarms when disturbed
iv)______
b)Larvae:
3)Hosts:
a)Cattle
b)Rarely attacks man
4)Infestation:
a)______
b)______
c)______
d)Irritation due to incessant biting
5)Disease transmission: ?
6)Biology:
a)Spend entire life on cattle
b)Females leave only to lay eggs in manure less than 2 minutes old
i)______
ii)______
iii)______
iv)Generally occurs in early morning
c)Lays ~ 500 eggs on clumps of grass under the manure
d)Eggs hatch in a few hours
e)Maggots:
i)Feed on microbial fauna and flora
ii)Mature ~10-14 d
f)Preferred sites is pasture cattle
g)Overwinter as pupae in dung
7)Economics:
a)Monitor at least 15 head
b)EIL 50 flies per side or 100 flies per cow
c)Heavy infestation = ~ 0.5 #/d reduction
d)Reduced milk production = 10-20%
8)Management:
a)Cultural control:
i)Measures against the house fly and stable fly not effective against the horn fly
ii)______
b)Biocontrol:
i)Dung beetle are of limited value
ii)Augmentation of parasites
c)Mechanical control: Walk-through fly traps
d)Chemical: Ivermectin: Control ~28 days
Flesh Flies
Family: ______
1)Identification:
a)Adults:
i)______
ii)______
iii)Abdomen with checkerboard pattern of grayish and dark spots
iv)______
v)Fourth wing vein sharply curved and ends at wing tip
vi)______
vii)Three or more notoplural bristles
b)Larvae:
2)Habitat:
a)Adults: ______
b)Larvae:______
3)Hosts:
4)Infestation: Some species cause cutaneous myiasis
5)Disease transmission:
6)Biology:
a)______
b)______
c)______
d)Seldom enter homes
Bottle Flies and Blow Flies
Family: ______
1)Identification:
a)Adults:
i)______
ii)______
iii)Arista:
(1)Plumose
(2)Hairs generally extending almost to the apex
iv)No postscutellum
v)Hypoplural and pteroplural bristles are present
vi)Three sternoplural in front and two notoplural
vii)Wings:
(1)M2 vein bends strongly forward, greatly narrowing but usually not closing the apical cell
b)Larvae:
2)Habitat:
a)Adult:
b)Larvae:
i)______
ii)______
iii)______
3)Hosts:
4)Infestation: ______
5)Disease transmission: ?
6)Biology:
a)______
b)Common around garbage dumps
c)Possess keen sense of smell
d)Life cycle: 16-35 d; ~22 d
7)Important species:
a)______:
i)______
ii)______
b)______:
i)______
ii)______
iii)______
Horse Bot flies
Family: ______
1)Identification:
a)Adults: ______
2)Habitat:
a)Adults:
b)Larvae: ______
3)Diseases transmission:
a)______
b)______
c)______
4)Biology:
a)Route 1:
i)______
ii)______
b)Route 2:
i)______
ii)______
c)Route 3: ______
5)Species: Horse bot fly: ______
Warble flies or Bot flies
Family: ______
1)Identification:
a)Adults (______):
i)______
ii)______
2)Hosts:
a)______
b)______
c)______
3)Biology:
a)______
b)______
c)______
d)______
4)Species:
a)Human bot fly: Dermatobia hominis
b)Sheep bot fly: ______
c)Cattle bot fly: ______
6)Control: Chemical
Keds
1)Classification:
a)Order: Diptera
b)Family: ______
2)Identification:
a)______
b)______
c)______
d)______
e)______
3)Hosts:
a)Sheep; Melophagus ovinus
b)Goats
c)Deer
d)Birds (wild species only)
4)Infestation:
a)______
b)Prefer young animals
c)Up to 25% reduction in wool production
5)Diseases transmitted: None known
6)Control:
a)______
b)______
Fly Control
1)Biological control:
a)______, Hermetia illucens
i)Identification:
(1)Blue-black
(2)Black legs
(3)White-yellow tarsi
(4)Two clear or transparent areas on dorsal abdomen
ii)Control: ______
b)______, Eristalis tenax
i)______
ii)Identification: Larvae with long tail (breathing tube)
iii)Control:
(1)Prefer polluted liquid habitats
(2)______
c)Predators:
i)Rove beetles (staphlyinindae)
ii)Histerids (histeridae)
iii)______
iv)______
d)Parasites: Order: ______, Family: Pteromalidae
i)______
ii)______
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