ETHIOPIA- Situational Analysis: CLTS/SLTS/ULTS

ETHIOPIA- Situational Analysis: CLTS/SLTS/ULTS

April 2013

Addis Ababa

CONTENTS

1.Ethiopia Fact Overview

2.Sanitation overview

3.Pan Africa CLTS programmein Ethiopia

4.Institutional mapping

5.Already existing platforms(networks, LAs)

6.Background information- Ethiopia

Annex 1: Reference review

Situational Analysis of CLTS/SLTS/ULTS in Ethiopia

1.Ethiopia Fact Overview

• Population: 85,237,338
• GDP/capita PPP: $1,003
• Main economic activities: Agriculture
• Major ethnicgroups:Oromo, Amhara, Tigrai and Somalimade up three-quarters of the population, but there are more than 80 different ethnic groups within Ethiopia. some of these have as few as 10,000 members
• Religions: Christian Muslim and Naturalist.
• Political regime: Presidential Head of State and Prime Minister Head of Government Republic
• Geographical context: Tropical

2.Sanitation overview

• Figures

• WASH status in Ethiopia that
• National WASH inventory data[1]
• National Sanitation Coverage is 63 % (Rural 60.39% and Urban 80.35%)
• National level Water supply coverage is 52.12% (Rural 48.85% and Urban74.64%)
• Health institution accessed to latrine facilities (84.61%) and water supply (32.29%)
• Schools accessed to latrine facilities (80.58%) and water supply (31.39%)
• While the Welfare Monitoring survey results show that 66.0% households in Ethiopia had toilet facility (87.0% in urban and 60.0 % in rural) and 52.6% households in Ethiopia have access to safe drinking water(94.9% in Urban and 41.3% in Rural)[2]
• WASH targets by 2015[3]
• Ethiopia aims at achieving 98.5% coverage for water supply and 100% sanitation by 2015, far more ambitious than the Millennium Development Goals' target of 50%.
• Other important hygiene and sanitation related targets under Sanitation Strategic Action Plan (SAP) are to achieve
• 82 % open defecation free Ethiopia,
• 84 % access to improved sanitation,
• 77% practicing hand washing with soap at critical times and
• 77 % practices household water treatment and safe storage

• Responsible authorityfor sanitation

The Ministry of Health (MoH) is in charge of policies related to sanitation and hygiene promotionthrough established Hygiene and Sanitation Taskforces. It has adopted a Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion Strategy.[18] De facto sewers in urban areas are under the responsibility of the Ministry of Water and Energy (MoWE), while the promotion of on-site sanitation is the responsibility of the MoH. The Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion Strategy has re-focused government resources on the promotion of pro-poor, low-cost practices.

3.Pan Africa CLTS programmein Ethiopia

Target population

About 1.2 million people found in Amhara, SNNPR and Oromia PUs, i.e. 211,000 households in 7536 villages (210 kebeles) in the three PUs and adjacent communities in the zones and beyond. These include around 14,000 students and 200 teachers in 20 schools and 9000 people in 4 Peri-urban areas.

Overall objective:

To improve the survival and development of children, their families and communities by facilitating empowerment of communities to a level they can meaningfully analyze and solve their own sanitation and hygiene problems, supported by action researches, and thereby contribute to the achievement of the government’s Universal Access Plan, the MDGs targets and Plan’s WASH development objective.

Specific objectives:

• To increase access to sanitation services (at household, community, institution particularly school levels and Peri-urban areas) and accelerate concrete changes in hygiene behavior and achieve ODF environment
• To reduce diarrheal morbidity and mortality among children under five and their communities and to increase productivity; accelerate socio-economic developments.
• To contribute to the achievement of Plan’s goals and objectives, i.e. to achieve improvements in the quality of life of deprived children in Plan International Ethiopia Program areas and even beyond.
• To make systematic intentional learning from experience and also to guide/redirect planning, implementation and evaluation based on reflections about actions that shall be taken according to recommendations of action research (previous and future) studies .
• To facilitate improvements of latrines to the next steps in the sanitation ladder.
• To create clean school environment and facilitate effective teaching-learning.
• To facilitate scaling up of sanitation and hygiene successes in many rural, school and Peri-urban communities by documenting and sharing lessons and experiences.

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Situational Analysis of CLTS/SLTS/ULTS in Ethiopia

Progress (in 2010-2012):

• Over 30,000 Kebeles in the country (each kebele has 500-1000HHs- note that each village has 30-50 households) with national and PU level start up workshops organized and conducted to introduce the project.
• Triggering conducted in 133 kebeles in all the PUs.
• 3141 villages, 103 kebeles and 117,024 HHs with total population of 580.539 became ODF and live in a clean environment.
• District CLTS committee established to monitor CLTS activities

Challenges (in 2010-2012):

• Inflation
• Shortage of budget for all operations before but now we got additional funding.
• Time of government employees for the project due to multiple assignments from government.

4.Institutional mapping

National level

• National WASH Structure:[4]
• Steering Committee,
• Technical Team,
• Management Units and
• Coordination Office
• National Hygiene and Sanitation Task Force (MoH)
• National WASH forum
• Multi-stakeholder forum
• Water and sanitation forum (CRDA)

Regional level

• Regional WASH Structure:
• Steering Committee,
• Technical Team,
• Management Units and
• Coordination Office
• Hygiene and Sanitation Task Force

District level

• Woreda WASH structure
• Woreda WASH team (WWT)
• Woreda WASH steering committee
• Woreda CLTS technical team
• Woreda Natural leader networks
• Hygiene and sanitation task force

5.Already existing platforms(networks, LAs)

The Government has endorsed CLTS as an approach to the promotion of SH in the country. This entails a National Hygiene and Sanitation Task Force (NSHTF) established under the chairmanship of FMoH in August 2009.The institutional set-up of the Task force includes: Ministry of Health (chair), Ministry of Water and Energy, Ministry of Education,UNICEF (Secretary),WHO, WSP/Africa, SNV, WVE, Water Aid,Plan International Ethiopia etc.

6.Background information- Ethiopia

Introduction

Until 1995 the national government had been responsible for centrally planning and implementing water and sanitation projects. Under the 1995 constitution Ethiopia became a federal state, which implied the decentralization of many functions to lower levels of government.

In 1995 a Ministry of Water Resources Development was created, taking over many of the responsibilities of the water sector and now it included Energy taking over the responsibility from Mines and Energy Ministry. Now it is called Ministry of Water and Energy (MoW&E).

In 1999 the government adopted a National Water Resources Management Policy, which was followed by the establishment of a Water Resources Development Fund (2002) and a Water Sector Development Program. The latter includes a water supply and sewerage development program (nota bene the focus on sewerage and thus the absence of on-site sanitation from the program).

The government’s Plan for Accelerated Sustained Development and to End Poverty (PASDEP), covering the period 2005-2010, aimed at increasing access to an improved water source to 84% and access to improved sanitation to 80% by 2010. These ambitious targets go well beyond the water and sanitation targets of the Millennium Development Goals, which aim at halving the share of people without access by 2015. Since in 2008 access to an improved water source was 38% and to improved sanitation 12% it seems that these targets cannot be met.

Background

The international community has adopted the Millennium Development Goals. The MDG targets to cutting in half of the proportion of people without access to essential services. Following this decision in year 2000 developing countries have been preparing frameworks to achieve the MDG targets.

The first issue to achieve the MDG objectives is to identify the needs in the different target areas. Water supply as one of the essential services has been included in MDG targets. Therefore, the assessment of water supply needs has to be undertaken.

Water and sanitation coverage in Ethiopia

Access to water supply and sanitation in Ethiopia is:

• National Sanitation Coverage is 63 % (Rural 60.39% and Urban 80.35%)
• National level Water supply coverage is 52.12% (Rural 48.85% and Urban74.64%)
• Health institution accessed to latrine facilities (84.61%) and water supply (32.29%)
• Schools accessed to latrine facilities (80.58%) and water supply (31.39%)

While access has increased substantially with funding from external aid, much still remains to be done to achieve the Millennium Development Goal of halving the share of people without access to water and sanitation by 2015, to improve sustainability and to improve service quality.

Some factors inhibiting the achievement of these goals are the limited capacity of water bureaus in the country's nine regions and water desks in the over 800Woredas; insufficient cost recovery for proper operation and maintenance; and different policies and procedures used by various donors, notwithstanding the Paris declaration on aid effectiveness.

In 2001 the government adopted a water and sanitation strategy that called for more decentralized decision-making; promoting the involvement of all stakeholders, including the private sector; increasing levels of cost recovery; as well as integrating water supply, sanitation and hygiene promotion activities. Implementation of the policy apparently is uneven. In 2005 the government announced highly ambitious targets to increase coverage in its Plan for Accelerated Sustained Development and to End Poverty (PADEP) for 2010. The investment needed to achieve the goal is about US$ 300 million per year, compared to actual investments of US$ 39 million in 2001-2002. While donors have committed substantial funds to the sector, effectively spending the money and to ensure the proper operation and maintenance of infrastructure built with these funds remain a challenge.

In order to understand responsibilities in the sector it is necessary to provide a brief overview of local government in Ethiopia. Ethiopia is a federal state consisting of the following subdivisions:

• Nine ethnically based Regions or ‘Kilil’ and two City Administrations.
• Regions are divided into Zones and Zones are divided into Weredas/Districts over 800.
• Weredas/districts are divided into Kebeles/communities which are over 17000.The kebeles are divided into Development Units (DUs) or villages 30-50 Households and the DUs are divided into Networks( 6 families).

There is wide disparity in development and institutional capacity between regions and also within regions. The Amhara, Oromia, Tigray regions as well as the small Harari region are relatively developed. About 70% of Ethiopians live in these four regions. The Southern Nation, Nationality and People region,where about 20% of the population lives, is very heterogeneous. In the more pastoralist and remote “Developing)” regions Somali, Afar, Gambella and Benishangul-Gumuz, where about 10% of the population lives, capacity tends to be lowest.[12]

Policy and regulation

Water supply in relation to sanitation:

Formally the MWR's mandate covers only water resources management and it has no legal mandate concerning drinking water supply. Nevertheless, de facto it is the entity in charge of setting policies for water supply and energy to channel donor funds in the sector to local government entities. One of the departments is the Water Supply and Sewerage Department.

In 2001 the government adopted a National Water Strategy prepared by the Ministry. The overall strategy includes a water resources strategy, a hydropower development strategy, a water supply and sanitation strategy, and an irrigation strategy.

Concerning water supply and sanitation, the strategy aims at:

More decentralized decision-making

• Promoting the involvement of all stakeholders, including the private sector
• Increasing levels of cost recovery
• Integrating water supply, sanitation and hygiene promotion activities.

The strategy document does not include a diagnostic of the current situation. The water and sanitation part of the strategy alone includes 44 recommendations concerning technical, institutional, capacity building, social, economic and environmental issues. There is no prioritization between the recommendations and the strategy does not establish mechanisms to monitor the implementation of the strategy.

Service provision

In the capital the Addis Ababa Water and Sewer Authority provides water and sewer services. In other cities and small towns Town Water Boards are responsible for service provision. They are expected to contract out service provision to private operators. In rural areas community water and sanitation committees operate water systems and promote sanitation. Not all the local committees are registered, which is a prerequisite to open a bank account to hold.

Water Sector Development Program

The Ethiopian Government, through Ministry of Water Resources, published a Water Sector Development Program (WSDP) in June 2002. The program consists of a series of water sector programs and projects in various sub-sectors of which the water supply and sanitation development program (WSSDP) is one. Under the WSSDP, targets for service coverage have been formulated for urban and rural water supply as summarized in Table 1[5].

Table 1: Water Supply Coverage Targets, WSSDP

National Water Supply and Sanitation Master Plan

The National Water Supply and Sanitation Master Plan, which is concluded in January 2003, has reviewed the targets set by the WSSDP based on the analysis of constraints. The two major constraints identified are the financial constraint, expressed in the form of the limited financing potential of the regional and federal governments and the inability to realize sufficient amount of loans and grants from international assistance, and the institutional constraint, expressed in the form of limited capacity to plan, implement, and operate water supply schemes. The coverage targets set by the master plan are on the low side taking into account the constraints outlined above.

Overall Socioeconomic Situation

Ethiopia is one of the poorest countries with the per capita GDP of less than 100 USD.According to Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, 44% of the population is living under official poverty line. The poverty situation in rural areas is higher than in urban. Urban areas have 45% compared with rural which stands at 37%. However, the urban poverty has worsened between 1995 and 2000 while the situation in rural areas has improved.

According to the Central Statistics Authority, Report on 1999/2000 Household Income, Consumption and Expenditure Survey, 25.65 of the households earn only Birr 2000 per annum. This means the families are getting less than Birr 200 per month.

Access to education, health and other essential social services is also limited. Literacy and education levels are still low with 48.3% of the total population age 10 and above able to read and write[6]. Despite major health improvements in the last fifteen years, the population still faces high morbidity and mortality rates and health status remains relatively poor. The DHS of 2005 showed a life expectancy of 54 years (53.4 years formale and 55.4 for female), and an IMR of 77/1000. Under-five mortality rate has been reduced to 101/1000 in 2010. The main health problems arepreventable communicable diseases and nutritional disorders. More than 90% ofchild deaths are due to pneumonia, diarrhoea, malaria, neonatal problems,malnutrition and HIV/AIDS, or combinations of these conditions.[7]

Population and Demography

For the purpose of this report the medium variant population forecast of CSA 1999 report has been adopted. Throughout the document this values have been used without any modifications.

Population Forecast ' 000 (Medium Variant)

Role of CLTS

In terms of CLTS, a number of activities have been taken place, namely:

•CLTS scaled up to all Regions of the country and Plan International Ethiopia Program Units.

•Currently 120 kebeles 3646 DUS/villages 138059 HHs 687,588 people live in ODF kebeles in PIE program areas (only PIE).

Current Initiatives to Scale up CLTS at National Level

•The Government has endorsed CLTS as an approach to the promotion of S&H in the country.

• National Hygiene and Sanitation Task Force (NSHTF) established under the chairmanship of FMoH in August 2009.

•The National Hygiene and Sanitation Strategic Action Plan (2011-16) adopted CLTS as approach.

•UNICEF and Plan signed a Project Cooperation agreement (PCA) to scale up H&S activities in 55 weredas/districts of the country where UNICEF supports the government initiative in promoting H&S from 2013-15. This agreement brought Plan Canada to support the initiative and contribute budget for matching to UNICEF contribution.

Role of SLTS

Currently SLTS assessment has been taken place by Plan Ethiopia in which the following key points were noted, namely:

•Stakeholders consider SLTS as most promising strategy for scaling up hygiene and sanitation in Sidama Zone and the Region made an assessment on the approach and found it to be successful.

•Communities triggered using SLTS approach have shown better access to latrines and change of behavior in hygiene and sanitation than communities triggered through CLTS.

•The need for more cooperation of sector actors was emphasized.

•The facilitation training period given to teachers was short and needs improvement.

Recommendations on SLTS approach:

•Coordination between Woredas Health Professionals and teachers should be established and strengthened.

•To improve teachers’ facilitation skill, training days should be increased from the previous one and various review meeting should be designed so as to improve teachers understanding on SLTS and community facilitation;

•There has to be clear mechanism or strategy for collecting, combining and analyzing village sanitation data.