Biology
human body systems
packet
Name ______
Purpose
In order to provide you with every possible opportunity to be successful on the Biology EOC exam, WE MUST CONTINUE THE WORK!!! The Biology Team has compiled a packet just for you with the materials that you will need to prepare for your upcoming assessment. Please take the time to complete all assignments. Work alone, with a buddy, as a team or as a class to learn the material and complete the work.
Grading
Human Reproduction 50 points
Blood Flow 50 points
Human Brain 50 points
Immune System 50 points
Unit 7 Assessment 100 points
Time Management Plan
Date / Lesson / Time frame / Completed√ / Parent Signature
Human Reproduction Video Lecture & Content Review / 30 minutes
Human Reproduction Independent Practice Problems & EOC Practice Questions
Blood Flow Video Lecture, Content Review, & Independent Practice #1-7
Blood Flow Independent Practice #8-11 & EOC Practice Questions
The Human Brain Video Lecture, Content Review, Independent Practice #1-5, & EOC Practice Questions
Date / Lesson / Time frame / Completed
√ / Parent Signature
The Immune System Video Lecture, Content Review, & Independent Practice #1-5
The Immune System Independent Practice #6-14
The Immune System EOC Practice Questions
DUE DATE & TESTING DAY
B-DAY: TUESDAY, APRIL 22TH
A-DAY: WEDNESDAY, APRIL 23TH
YOU WILL USE YOUR COMPLETED PACKET TO TAKE YOUR UNIT 7 ASSESSMENT – NO INCOMPLETE PACKETS WILL BE ALLOWED!!!
ADDITIONALLY, YOUR COMPLETED PACKET MUST BE TURNED IN ON TIME – NO EXCEPTIONS!!!
Biology Spring Break Packet / Benchmark: SC.912.L.16.13 Describe the basic anatomy and physiology of the human reproductive system. Describe the process of human development from fertilization to birth and major changes that occur in each trimester of pregnancy. / Page of 21Student Name: / Date: / Period: / Original
Mastery: / Reassessed
Mastery:
Learning Objectives: / Vocabulary:
· SWBAT describe the process of human development from fertilization to birth.
· SWBAT identify and describe the basic anatomy and physiology of the human female reproductive system including the ovaries, oviduct (fallopian tube), uterus, cervix, and vagina.
· SWBAT identify and describe the basic anatomy and physiology of the human male reproductive system including the seminal vesicle, prostate gland, vas deferens, urethra, epididymis, scrotum, penis, and testes.
Video Lecture: ( YouTube.com or class website)
Choose one of the following:
· Crash Course Biology: The Reproductive System-How Gonads Go
· Khan Academy: Male & Female Reproductive Anatomy
Choose one of the following:
· Crash Course Biology: Animal Development-We’re Just Tubes!
· Khan Academy: Embryonic Stem Cells
Choose one of the following:
· The Miracle of Life: Old School
· The Miracle of Life: New School
/ · Seminal vesicle
· Prostate gland
· Vas deferens
· Urethra
· Epididymis
· Scrotum
· Penis
· Testes
· Fertilization
· Ovary
· Oviduct (fallopian tube)
· Uterus
· Cervix
· Vagina
·
Content Review:
The basic anatomy of the female reproductive system
Ovary – In human females, organs that produce egg cells and reproductive hormones.
Oviduct (fallopian tube) – The tube through which an egg passes on its way from the ovary to the uterus.
Uterus – In mammals, the organ in which the fertilized egg implants and develops into a fetus.
Cervix – The neck of the uterus that opens into the vagina.
Vagina – the birth canal in mammals. It it the part of the female reproductive system that opens to the outside.
The basic anatomy of the make reproductive
Seminal vesicle – A gland in makes that secretes the fluid componenet of semen, which lubricates and nourishes sperm.
Prostate gland – A gland in human males that secretes an acid-neutralizing component of semen.
Vas Deferens – The part of the male reproductive system through which sperm leaves the testes. In humans it is also called the sperm duct, the tube through which sperm moves from the epididymis to the urethra.
Urethra – In males the urethra conveys semen out of the body during ejaculation. It is also the passageway urine takes from the bladder to the outside.
Epididymis – A long coiled tube in which sperm mature and are stored after leaving the testis.
Scrotum – The pouch of skin outside of the abdomen that houses testes. Once in the scrotum, sperm cool and therefore remain viable longer.
Penis – The organ used in copulation.
Testicle (testis) – Male organ which produces sperm and male reproductive hormones (plural:testes).
Structures Relating to the Development of the Fetus
Placenta – In most mammals (including humans), the organs that provides nutrients and oxygen to the growing embryo. The placenta also removes wastes as the embryo grows. Although the placenta is closely associated with the mother’s blood vessels, the mother’s blood and the embryo’s blood are not in direct contact; maternal and fetal blood do not mix.
Umbilical cord – A flexible tube-like structure containing blood vessels (two arteries, one vein) that attach the abdomen of the fetus to the placenta.
Amniotic sac – A double layered membrane in the uterus which surrounds the growing embryo and is filled with amniotic fluid.
Amniotic fluid – Watery substance which surrounds the embryo, serving to cushion the embryo.
The stages of development in humans are:
1. Fertilization (union of egg and sperm to form a diploid zygote) starts embryonic development.
2. Cleavage is the rapid series of cell divisions (mitosis) that produces a ball of cells from the zygote.
3. As cleavage continues, a fluid-filled cavity (blastocoel) forms in the center of the growing embryo forming a hollow ball (blastula) consisting of the blastocoel surrounded by one or two layers of cells.
4. Gastrulation is the next major phase in which cells are added to the embryo and begin to differentiate into distinct layers. Each layer will eventually form into all the adult parts such as the brain and spinal cord, digestive tract and respiratory systems, and all other organs and tissues.
5. Organs start to form after gastrulation.
The mileposts in human pregnancy are:
1. First Trimester (weeks 0-12 or 0-3 months): After implantation of the embryo, vital organs form and the heart begins to beat. At the end of this trimester the embryo is now called a fetus.
2. Second Trimester (weeks 13-24 or 4-6 months): Fetus moves, kicks, and swallows. All internal organs are maturing.
3. Third Trimester (weeks 25-40 or 7-9 months): Rapid growth of the fetus. All organs are fully developed and the respiratory system is maturing. At the end of this trimester, the baby is considered “full-term”.
4. Childbirth: Strong contractions of the uterus (labor) bring about the birth of the baby. Hormones (proteins) play a key role in starting labor. They are also important afterwards, allowing the uterus to return to its pre-pregnancy condition, and allowing the mother’s body to start manufacturing milk.
Hormones of Reproduction:
· Females:
o GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) – produced in the hypothalamus, stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteininzing hormone (LH).
o FSH – stimulates the follicle to release estrogen necessary for egg maturation.
o LH – stimulates the egg to mature and erupt from the follicle and stimulates the ruptured follicle to produce progesterone (prepares and maintains uterine lining awaiting implantation).
o hCG – a pregnancy promoting hormone, and the hormone detected by pregnancy tests.
o Progesterone & Estrogen: produces female characteristics.
· Males:
o FSH – stimulate sperm production.
o LH – stimulates production of testosterone.
o Testosterone & Progesterone – produces male characteristics.
Independent Practice / Directions: Complete all practice questions by using your background knowledge, notes from class, the biology textbook, and the key points in the box above. You will be required to re-take the exit ticket for this benchmark once you complete these practice questions.
Label the important structures with their functions.
Complete the following charts for each of the three trimesters in human embryo development. For each week, list the major growth activity. Be sure to include the points at which the zygote becomes an embryo and an embryo becomes a fetus.
First Trimester
Weeks / Months / Major Events
1 / Conception: egg fertilized by sperm
2
3
4
5 / Heart begins to beat
6
7 / Umbilical cord joins embryo to placenta
8
9
10
11
12
Semester Trimester
Weeks / Months / Major Events
13 / Fetus flexes and kicks; bone starts to replace cartilage
14
15
16
17
18
19 / Genitals distinct and recognizable on ultrasound
20
21
22
23
24 / Lungs developing, baby practices breathing
Third Trimester
Weeks / Months / Major Events
25 / Bones becoming solid, hands fully formed
26
27
28
29
30
31
32 / Toenails and fingernails complete
33
34
35
36 / If born this week considered “full term”
37-40 / Baby continues to gain weight until born
EOC Practice Questions
1. Which of the following statement about reproductive hormones is TRUE?
a. Only women produce progesterone.
b. Estrogen levels are highest during early pregnancy.
c. Reproductive hormones affect only the reproductive system.
d. Men and women produce both estrogen and testosterone.
2. Spermatozoa are male gametes, which contain haploid DNA. Where are spermatozoa produced?
a. Ovaries
b. Penis
c. Prostate
d. Testes
3. Spermatogenesis is the process by which sperm develop and mature. Which of the following sequences correctly describes the anatomical path of spermatozoa from formation to ejaculation?
a. Testes, vas deferens, prostate, urethra
b. Testes, urethra, prostate, vas deferens
c. Prostate, vas deferens, tests, urethra
d. Prostate, urethra, testes, vas deferens
4. In the male reproductive system, gametes are produced in the testicles. Which of the following structures of the female reproductive system has the same function as the testicles?
a. Cervix
b. Uterus
c. Fallopian tubes
d. Ovaries
5. A normal human gestational period lasts forty weeks. Which of the following explains why the eight week of gestation is notable?
a. The gender of the fetus can be determined.
b. The embryo is approximately the size of a lime.
c. The embryo stage ends and the fetal stage begins.
d. Most organ systems are developed and functional.
Biology Spring Break Packet / Benchmark: SC.912.L.14.36 Describe the factors affecting blood flow through the cardiovascular system. / Page 10 of 21
Student Name: / Date: / Period: / Original
Mastery: / Reassessed
Mastery:
Learning Objectives: / Vocabulary:
· SWBAT describe the function and structure of the cardiovascular system.
· SWBAT describe how factors such as blood pressure, blood volume, resistance, disease, and exercise affect blood flow through the cardiovascular system.
Video Lecture: (YouTube.com or class website)
Choose two of the following:
· Khan Academy: Blood Flow through the Heart
· Khan Academy: Pressure, Flow, and Resistance in the Human Body
· Blood Flow and Heart Disease
/ · Cardiovascular System
· Heart
· Blood Vessels
· Artery
· Vein
· Blood pressure
· Blood volume
· Resistance
· Disease
· Exercise
· Viscosity
·
Content Review:
§ The cardiovascular system moves blood to all parts of the body. The two main components of the cardiovascular system are the heart and blood vessels. The heart is a muscular pump, about the size of your fist, which keeps the blood moving to every part of the body. Blood vessels transport the blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
§ The cardiovascular system carries blood, oxygen, and nutrients to organs and tissues of the body, and carries waste and carbon dioxide from these tissues for removal from the body.
· Factors that affect the blood flow:
o Blood Pressure:
§ Blood pressure is the force with which blood pushes against the wall of an artery (carries oxygen rich-blood away from the heart). Veins carry oxygen-poor blood to the heart to be “replenished.” Blood pressure depends on how elastic and unblocked the arteries are. It also depends on the strength of the heart’s contraction (beating).
§ The less elastic (stretchy) the arteries and the more blockages that reduce blood flow, the harder the heart must pump. As a result, blood pressure rises. Blood pressure also rises naturally with activity, stress, and strong emotions, but it should drop again with rest. If the pressure remains high, there could be a problem in the cardiovascular system and the chance of heart related diseases rises.
§ Most people can lower their blood pressure through weight loss, proper diet, and exercise. If these remedies fail, people can use medications to reduce blood pressure.
o Blood Volume:
§ Blood volume is the amount of blood present in the body. The more blood present in the body, the higher the rate of blood returns to the heart. When does your blood volume increase? An example is salt intake. People that consume high amounts of salt might have their blood volume increase. With more blood in your body, the arterial pressure (pressure in your arteries) could increase. When pressure in your arteries increases, so does your blood pressure.
o Blood Viscosity:
§ Blood viscosity is a measure of the resistance of blood flow which is caused by thick blood. Blood is a liquid that consists of plasma and particles, such as the red blood cells. The viscosity of blood depends on the thickness of the plasma or how much water-content is found within the plasma. As you increase the viscosity of the blood, it becomes harder to circulate through the blood vessels. This causes strain on the heart, because it pumps harder to get the blood to circulate. Blood viscosity also causes the blood pressure to elevate.