Process Essay : Chronological (time) Order
Fill in each blank with an appropriate chronological order signal from the listprovided. Use each signal only once. Change small letters to capital letters andadd commas where necessary.
1.when he or she asks you.to speak up
2.second
3. before you sit down
4.next
5.when you return
6. first
7.finally
8.a third time
9.as soon as the lesson begins
10. in conclusion
11. in the next few minutes
12. then
How to Annoy a Teacher
It is quite easy to annoy a teacher-even the most patient, kind-hearted
teacher in the world-if you follow these simple steps.(1)------always come to class just a little late.(2)------make as much noise as possible as you enter theroom. (3) ------greet all your friends with a cheerful waveoreven better, with a shouted greeting. (4)------slam yourheavy backpack down on the floor next to your desk and do a few stretchingexercises. (After all, you will be sitting still for the next 40 minutes or so!)(5)------make a big, gapingly yawn and take your seat.(6) raise your hand and ask to be excused togo to the restroom. (7) ----be sure to slam the door,and again, make as much noise as possible while taking your seat.(8)------turn the pages of your book noisily, search in yourbackpack for a pencil, ask your neighbor if you can borrow an eraser, and announcein a loud voice that you cannot find your homework. (9) -----_raise your hand and ask to be excused to look for it in your locker.
If the teacher should happen to calion you during the class, mumble2 ananswer. (10)------mumble again-maybe a little louder thistime, but still not loudly enough to be heard. If the teacher dares to ask you(11)------give a loud and clear answer to the previousquestion-the one your classmate answered a minute ago-and smile smugly as you do so.
(12) ------if these techniques do not achieve the desiredresults, you can always fold your arms across your desk, put your head down, andtake a nap. Just do not forget to snore!
I gaping: wide open
2 mumble: speak unclearly
3 smugly: with a self-satisfied look
Review
These are the important points covered in this chapter.1. Using chronological order to organize an essay means putting the ideas inorder or sequence by occurrence in time.2. Use chronological order for nonnative essays (stories, history, biography,and autobiography) and for process essays (how to do or make something).3. Following are the three keys to success in writing a chronological order essay:• Group the steps or events into paragraphs where natural breaks occur.•
Examples of indirect quotations, Noun Clauses
Write a thesis statement that indicates chronological order.• Use chronological order signal words and phrases to show the sequenceof steps (in a process) or events (in a narration).There are three exceptions:
1.• When the reporting verb is simple present, present perfect, or future, the
verb tense in the quotation does not change.
He says, "I can finish it today."
He says that he can finish it today.
2.• When the reporting phrase is according to, the verb tense does not change.
The lawyer said, "My client is innocent."
According to the lawyer, his client is innocent.
3.• When the quoted information is a fact or a general truth, the verb tense in
the quotation does not change.
He said, "Water boils at a lower temperature in the mountains."
He said that water boils at a lower temperature in the mountains.
Exercise :Changing DirectQuotationsto IndirectQuotations
1.Television channel KSA General Manager Jim Bums said, "Not everyone
can attend college in the traditional way; therefore, taking courses via
television will offer many more students the chance to earn a college
degree."
2. Other students said, "Last year, we spent several hours a day commuting
to and from school. Now we don't have to do that."
3. Computer engineering student Amir Mehdizadeh stated, "I can choose
when to study and how to study without pressure." He also said, "I will
take two more telecourses in the falL"
4. Pre-med student Alma Rodriguez said, "I miss being on campus, but I have
to work and take care of my family."