Name: ______Date: ______
Honors Review Sheet: Organic Chemistry, Membranes, and Membrane Transport
- What is an organic molecule? Provide three examples.
- What features of carbon atoms make them so useful in producing the molecules found in living organisms?
- What is a macromolecule? Where do you find them?
- List the four types of macromolecules.
- What is the relationship between monomer and polymer?
- Do all macromolecules have monomer and polymer molecules? Explain.
- Describe the functions of carbohydrates. What are the terms for the monomer and polymer unit of carbohydrates?
- Provide FOUR specific examples of carbohydrate polymers (polysaccharides), and their functions.
- In what types of food do you find a lot of carbs?
- Describe the functions of lipids. Also, describe the differences between saturated and unsaturated fats in detail.
- What types of foods are high in lipids?
- Describe the functions of proteins, with EXAMPLES. What are their monomer and polymer units?
- What types of foods are high in protein?
- What are the functions of nucleic acids? What are their monomer and polymer units?
- How do cells break apart polymers into monomer? Use the specific term, and draw a picture.
- How do cells connect monomers into polymers? Use the specific term, and draw a picture.
- Describe two scenarios in which your cells would need to break apart, or build a polymer.
- What is a free radical? Draw a picture of a free radical atom below.
- What is an antioxidant? Draw a picture showing how an antioxidant would combat a free radical.
- Where can you get antioxidants from?
- .What is a membrane? Is the cell membrane the only membrane in the cell? Provide examples.
- What is the function of the cell membrane? Use the term selectively permeable.
- 3. What are the basic structures that make up all membranes? Draw a little diagram (make sure it’s a bilayer).
- What is the basic structure of a phospholipid? Use the terms hydrophilic and hydrophobic in your response
- What important roles do proteins play that are embedded in the membranes of all organelles? Provide examples.
- What is diffusion? Provide an everyday example.
- Which type of diffusion requires the use of a carrier protein?
- What are the differences between passive and active transport?
- Is facilitated diffusion, using a carrier protein, passive or active?
- 10. How would a cell move very large items, like nutrient droplets or bacterial cells into/out of cell? What is the name of the process?
- 11. What is the term for the movement of water from an area of high concentration to low concentration?
- 12. Explain what type of environment each cell is immersed in for each picture. Use the terms hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic.
- What is a concentration gradient?
- True or false: Diffusion will occur at a slower rate when there is a steeper concentration gradient __
- Explain your answer below.
- Why is the sodium potassium pump an important protein for living organisms (use the term active transport in your response).
- Which types of substances are able to pass through the phospholipids of the cell membrane? Which are not able to pass through the phospholipids. Explain why.
- What is meant be the fluid mosaic model of membranes?
- How do scientists study the structure of membranes (using what technique)?
- On the bottom of the page, I've provided a chemical equation for two amino acids forming a peptide bond. Draw each amino acid, and show the dehydration synthesis reaction that forms the dipeptide.
NH2CH2OCOOH + NH2C2H2OCOOH ---> Dipeptide + H2O