Honors Biology Final Exam Study Guide- Fall 2014

Write definitions and answers on a separate piece of paper.

Be sure that you have read your textbook-chapters 1-6.

This is due the day of the final exam.

Chapter 1: The Science of Life

Define the following terms:

Biology

Homeostasis

Observation

Hypothesis

Theory

  1. What are the 7 characteristics of living things?
  2. What is an observation?
  3. What is a hypothesis?
  4. What is a scientific theory?
  5. Is a scientific theory considered absolute truth, or can it be revised as new evidence is presented?
  6. What are the steps of the scientific method in order?
  7. What happens when a hypothesis does not explain an observation?
  8. Explain how magnification is determined when using a light microscope.

Chapter 2 :Chemistry of Life

Define the following terms:

Acid

Activation Energy

Atom

Base (alkaline)

Buffers

Catalyst

Compound

Element

Ion

Polar molecule

  1. What is the structure of the atom? List the parts and their charges?
  2. What is the basic unit of MATTER?
  3. What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond?
  4. What is the role of enzymes in the reactions that occur in cells? (What effect do they have on activation energy?)
  5. Be able to interpret a diagram of reactions that run with and without enzymes. See Figure 2-7 on p. 37 of your textbook.)
  6. What is an oxidation-reduction reaction?
  7. What happens when an atom is oxidized?
  8. What happens to an atom when it is reduced?
  9. What is the pH scale?
  10. What would an acid measure on the pH scale?

A base?

A neutral solution?

  1. What is the concentration of a solution?
  2. What is a polar molecule?
  3. Why is water considered to be a polar molecule?
  4. Why do atoms become stable when they react with other atoms to form compounds?

Chapter 3 :Biochemistry

Define the following terms:

Condensation

Hydrolysis

Oxidation

Reduction

  1. Why is carbon such a unique element to living things?
  2. What element do organic compounds contain?
  3. What are three examples of complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides)?
  4. What are the four groups of organic macromolecules? *** List their monomers and polymers
  5. In what form do animals store glucose?

Plants?

  1. Are lipids soluble in oil?
  2. How is energy stored in the ATP molecule?
  3. How is energy released in the ATP molecule?
  4. What would happen to chemical reactions in living cells if there were no enzymes?

Chapter 4: Cell Structure and Function

Define the following terms:

Organelle

Prokaryote

Eukaryote

Cytoplasm

  1. How are surface area and volume related in cells?
  2. Why is surface area an important factor in limiting factor in limiting cell growth?
  3. What is the basic unit of life?
  4. What is structure of the cell membrane?
  5. Do all cells have a cell membrane?
  6. Be prepared to identify the structure of each of the following organelles in an animal cell diagram. Also, know each one’s function.
  7. Plasma membrane
  8. Nucleus
  9. Golgi apparatus
  10. Endoplasmic reticulum
  11. Mitochondria
  12. In what part of the cell are chromosomes found?
  13. What are the differences between plant and animal cells?
  14. What is the function of the following plant cell organelles?
  • Chloroplast
  • Cell wall
  • Central vacuole

Chapter 5: Homeostasis and Cell Transport

Define the following terms:

Diffusion

Osmosis

Facilitated diffusion

Hypertonic

Isotonic

Hypotonic

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

Phagocytosis

Turgor pressure

  1. What is the differencebetween passive and active transport?
  2. What is the end result of diffusion? Think about the blue dye in water demonstration.
  3. Be able to interpret a diagram and explain which way water and solutes will moved based on information given. Review your worksheets.
  4. How does facilitated diffusion work?
  5. What happens to an animal cell is it is placed in each of the following solutions: hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic
  6. How does a plant cell react to the same solutions?
  7. When would endocytosis be used by a cell?
  8. When would exocytosis be used by a cell?

Chapter 6: Photosynthesis

Define the following terms:

Photosynthesis

Photosystem

Pigment

Carbon Fixation

  1. Why is the sun considered to be the ultimate source of energy for almost all living things on the earth?
  2. What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
  3. Why is chlorophyll green?
  4. During photosynthesis, what happens when electrons of a chlorophyll molecule are raised to a higher energy level?
  5. What is the major atmospheric product of photosynthesis?
  6. What is/are the difference/s between the C3, C4, and CAM plants?
  7. What are the products of the light reaction that enter into the Calvin Cycle?
  8. What happens in the Light –dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
  9. Where in the chloroplast do the Light- dependent reactions take place?
  10. What ions activate ATP synthase?
  11. What happens in the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis?
  12. Where in the chloroplast does the Calvin cycle take place?
  13. Which of the two steps of photosynthesis requires light, the Light-dependent reactions or the Calvin Cycle?
  14. What is the source of oxygen produced during photosynthesis?
  15. What happens to the electrons of photosystem I?
  16. Write the equation for photosynthesis.
  17. What is ATP?
  18. Why do cells need ATP?
  19. Why is NADP+ important in photosynthesis?
  20. Be able to label the structures of a chloroplast.
  21. Be able to label a diagram of the thylakoid membrane.
  22. Be able to label a diagram of the Calvin Cycle.

GOOD LUCK!!

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