29/07/2010EQS_76-44-8_Heptachlor_v20100729.doc
Heptachlor including heptachlor epoxide
In this document [1] refers to heptachlor and [2] refers to heptachlor epoxide.
1Chemical IDENTITY
Common name / HeptachlorChemical name (IUPAC) / 1(3a),4,5,6,7,8,8-Heptachloro-3a[1],4,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,7-methanoindene
Synonym(s) / Velsicol 104
Chemical class (when available/relevant) / Organochlorinated insecticide
CAS number / 76-44-8
EU number / 200-962-3
Molecular formula / C10H5Cl7
Molecular structure /
Molecular weight (g.mol-1) / 373.3
Common name / Heptachlor epoxide
Chemical name (IUPAC) / 1,4,5,6,7,8,8-Heptachloro-2,3-epoxy-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-4,7-methanoindene
Synonym(s) / Velsicol 53-CS-17
Chemical class (when available/relevant) / Organochlorinated insecticide
CAS number / 1024-57-3
EU number / 213-831-0
Molecular formula / C10-H5-Cl7-O
Molecular structure /
Molecular weight (g.mol-1) / 389.4
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29/07/2010EQS_76-44-8_Heptachlor_v20100729.doc
2Existing evaluations and Regulatory information
LegislationAnnex III EQS Directive (2008/105/EC) / Not included
Existing Substances Regulation (793/93/EC) / Not applicable
Pesticides(91/414/EEC) / Not included in Annex I
Biocides (98/8/EC) / Not included in Annex I
PBT substances / Not investigated
Substances of Very High Concern (1907/2006/EC) / No
POPs (Stockholm convention) / Yes
Other relevant chemical regulation (veterinary products, medicament, ...) / Not applicable
Endocrine disrupter (Petersen et al., 2007) / -Human health: suspected to be endocrine disrupter
-Wildlife : no or insufficient data gathered
3Proposed Quality Standards (QS)
3.1Environmental Quality Standard (EQS)
QS for human health via consumption of fishery products is the “critical QS” for derivation of an Environmental Quality Standard for heptachlor including heptachlor epoxide.
Value / CommentsProposed AA-EQS for [biota] [µg.kg-1biota ww]
Corresponding AA-EQS in [freshwater] [µg.L-1]
Corresponding AA-EQS in [saltwater] [µg.L-1] / 2.2 10-5
3.910-11
3.910-12 / Critical QS is QSbiota hh
See section 7and 3.2
Proposed MAC-EQS for [freshwater] [µg.L-1]
Proposed MAC-EQS for [saltwater] [µg.L-1] / 3.10-4 µg.l-1
3.10-5 µg.l-1 / See section 7.1 and 3.2
3.2Specific Quality Standard (QS)
Protection objective[1] / Unit / Value / CommentsPelagic community (freshwater) / [µg.l-1] / 3 10-5 / See section 7.1
Pelagic community (marine water) / [µg.l-1] / 3 10-6
Benthic community (freshwater) / [µg.kg-1dw] / 1.5.10-2 – 0.35 / EqP, see section 7.1
Benthic community (marine) / [µg.kg-1dw] / 1.5.10-3 – 0.035
Predators (secondary poisoning) / [µg.kg-1biota ww] / 33 / See section 7.2
[µg.l-1] / 5.9 10-5 (freshwater)
5.9 10-6 (saltwater)
Human health via consumption of fishery products / [µg.kg-1biota ww] / 2.210-5 / See section 7.3
[µg.l-1] / 3.9 10-11 (freshwater)
3.9 10-12 (saltwater)
Human health via consumption of water / [µg.l-1] / 0.1
ETOX database[2] refers to existing Quality Criteria (ETOX, 2007)
Germany: for protection of human health via consumption of drinking water = 0.1 µg/l
United States: for protection of aquatic life (freshwater) = 0.0038µg/L
United States: for protection of aquatic life (saltwater= 0.0036µg/L
United States: Fish consumption, health protection = 0.00021µg/L
4Major uses and Environmental Emissions
4.1Uses and Quantities
Heptachlor is banned as:
-not included in Annex I of Directive 91/414/EEC
-prohibited by Regulation 850/2004/EC
Therefore it is not used anymore in the EU.
4.2Estimated Environmental Emissions
As banned since entry into force of regulation 850/2004/EC (26th May 2004), heptachlor should not be emitted to the environment anymore.
5Environmental Behaviour
5.1Environmental distribution
Master referenceWater solubility (mg.l-1) / [1] 0.18 at 25°C
[1] 0.06
[1] 0.03
[2] 0.3 at 25°C
[2] 0.3 at 25°C / HSDB 2001
IPCS INCHEM 1984
MITI 1992
Verschueren 2001
ATSDR 2007
Volatilisation / Heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide are volatile substances (half-life of 0.73 days in distilled water without agitation). / HSDB 2001
Vapour pressure (Pa) / 5.3.10-2 at 20°C [1]
3.5. 10-5 at 25°C [2] / Verschueren 2001
Verschueren 2001
Henry's Law constant (Pa.m3.mol-1) / [1] 29.8 at 20°C
[2] 3.2 / HSDB 2001
HSDB 2001
Adsorption / Heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide are likely to be strongly adsorbed to suspended and bottom sediment. / HSDB 2001
Organic carbon – water partition coefficient (KOC) / KOC = 10000 – 661000
Log KOC = 4 – 5.82 / HSDB 2001
Sediment – water partition coefficient (Ksed-water) / 250 – 16 525 / Calculated from KOC
Master reference
Bioaccumulation
Octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) / [1] log KOW = 5.44
[1] log Kow = 6.10
[2] log Kow = 5.40 / Verschueren 2001
HSDB 2001
Verschueren 2001
BCF (measured) / Heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide are very lipophilic substances and as a fact have a high bioconcentration potential.
High BCF values (56000 for crustaceans, 37000 for molluscs, 21300 for fish, 3200 for algae) were found in literature.
The BCF value 56000 on crustaceans is used for derivation of quality standards (BMF1 = 10, BMF2 = 10) / HSDB 2001
5.2Abiotic and Biotic degradations
Master referenceHydrolysis / Heptachlor rapidly undergoes hydrolysis to 1-hydrochlordene which is then readily converted by microorganisms into heptachlor epoxide.
Half-life values for heptachlor were estimated at 5.4, 4.3, 4.5, and 3 days at pH 4.5, 5, 6, 7 and 8 respectively.
A half-life of at least 4 years was calculated for heptachlor epoxide. / HSDB 2001
ATSDR 2007
Photolysis / Direct and photosensitized photolysis of unabsorbed heptachlor may occur in the environment.
For heptachlor epoxide photolysis would only be significant in surface waters in the presence of photosensitizers. / HSDB 2001
HSDB 2001
Biodegradation / Heptachlor is not readily biodegradable: 0% of biodegradation after 28 days.
It may be degraded (not completely) by adapted bacterial strains: main degradation products are 1-hydroxy-2,3-epoxychlordene and heptachlor epoxide.
Heptachlor is metabolised in heptachlor epoxide by many living organisms.
Heptachlor epoxide is a very persistent compound, notably in trophic chain. / MITI 1992
HSDB 2001
US-EPA 1980
IPCS INCHEM 1984
6Aquatic environmental concentrations
6.1Estimated concentrations
The substance is not on the market anymore and the quantities needed as input for modeling purpose are not available.
Compartment / Predicted environmental concentration (PEC) / Master referenceFreshwater / No data available
Marine waters (coastal and/or transitional)
Sediment
Biota (freshwater)
Biota (marine)
Biota (marine predators)
6.2Measured concentrations
Compartment / Measured and quantified environmental concentrations(nb analysis) / Master reference
Freshwater (µg/l) / PEC 1: 29.3
PEC 2:0.01 / James, Bonnomet et al. 2009(1)
Marine waters (coastal and/or transitional) (µg/l) / No data
WWTP effluent (µg/l) / Median, Secondary sedimentation tanks:
[1] 0.004
[2] 0.013 / Katsoyiannis and Samara 2004
Sediment (µg/kg dw) / Sed <2 mm / PEC 1: 10.8
PEC 2:13.8 / James, Bonnomet et al. 2009(1)
Sed <20 µm / PEC 1: -
PEC 2:25
Sed <63µm / PEC 1: 20.5
PEC 2:3
Biota / Invertebrates (µg/kg ww) / PEC 1: 10
PEC 2:5.75 / James, Bonnomet et al. 2009(1)
Fish (µg/kg ww) / PEC 1: 15
PEC 2:10
Turtles (µg/kg ww) / 0.09 – 1.85 / Swartz, Donnelly et al. 2003
Cetaceans (Brazil)
(µg/g lipid w) / [2] Mean, blubber:
0.0015 – 0.013 / Kajiwara, Matsuoka et al. 2004
Pinnipeds (California)
(µg/g lipid w) / [2] Mean, blubber:
0.03 – 0.2 / Kannan, Kajiwara et al. 2004
(1) data originated from EU monitoring data collection
7effects and Quality Standards
7.1Acute and chronic aquatic ecotoxicity
ACUTE EFFECTS / Reliability[3] / Master referenceAlgae & aquatic plants
(mg.l-1) / Freshwater / Selenastrum capricornutum / 96 h
EC50 0.028 / 2 / Call, Brooke et al. 1983
Marine / No available information
Invertebrates
(mg.l-1) / Freshwater / No available information
Marine / Penaeus duorarum / 96 h
LC50: 3 10-5 / 1 / Schimmel, Patrick et al. 1976
Sediment / No available information
Fish
(mg.l-1) / Freshwater / No available information
Marine / Leiostomus xanthurus / 96 h
LC50: 8.6 10-4 / 1 / Schimmel, Patrick et al. 1976
CHRONIC EFFECTS / Reliability / Master reference
Algae & aquatic plants
(mg.l-1) / Freshwater / No available information
Marine / No available information
Invertebrates
(mg.l-1) / Freshwater / No available information
Marine / No available information
Sediment / No available information
Fish
(mg.l-1) / Freshwater / No available information
Marine / Cyprinodon variegatus / 28 d
NOEC: 7.9 10-4 / 2 / Goodman, Hansen et al. 1978
Tentative QSwater / Relevant study for derivation of QS / Assessment factor / Tentative QS
MACfreshwater, eco / Penaeus duorarum / 96 h
LC50 : 3 10-5 mg.l-1 / 100 / 3 10-4 µg.l-1
MACmarine water, eco / 1000 / 3 10-5 µg.l-1
AA-QSfreshwater, eco / 1000 / 3 10-5 µg.l-1
AA-QSmarine water, eco / 10000 / 3 10-6 µg.l-1
AA-QSfreshwater, sed. / - / EqP[4] / 5.8.10-3 – 0.08µg.kg-1ww
1.5.10-2 – 0.35 µg.kg-1dw
AA-QSmarine water, sed. / - / EqP / 5.8.10-4 – 0.008µg.kg-1ww
1.5.10-3 – 0.035 µg.kg-1dw
7.2Secondary poisoning
Secondary poisoning of top predators / Master referenceMammalian oral toxicity / Dog / Oral / Chronic, 2 years / 0-1-3-5-7-10 ppm
Dog / Oral / F0, 4 females & 2 males F1 / Reproductive study / 0-1-3-5-7-10 ppm
NOAEL : 0.025 mg.kg-1bw.d-1
NOEC : 1 mg.kg-1feed ww (CF=40) / WHO 2008
Avian oral toxicity / Coturnix japonica /Oral /5 days
LC 50 : 93 mg.kg-1bw.d-1 ; NOEC : 744 mg.kg-1feed ww / HSDB 2001
A lower value (LOAEL = 0.03 mg.kg-1bw.d-1) was found on rats in the literature: according to WHO (2006), neurotoxicological studies on perinatal heptachlor exposure in the rat (0.03, 0.3, or 3 mg/kg body weight per day) suggested developmental delays, alterations in GABAergic neurotransmission, and neurobehavioural changes, including cognitive deficits, at all doses (Moser et al., 2001, cited in WHO 2006). Statistics were not given, but the LOAEL was probably 0.03 mg/kg body weight per day. Considering the uncertainty of the LOAEL, the study on dogs, selected by WHO(WHO 2008) has been chosen for the determination of QSbiota.
The BCF value 56000 on crustaceans is used for derivation of quality standards (BMF1 = 10, BMF2 = 10)
Tentative QSbiota / Relevant study for derivation of QS / Assessmentfactor / Tentative QS
Biota / NOEC : 1 mg.kg-1feed ww / 30 / 33 µg.kg-1biota ww
corresponding to
5.9 10-5 µg.L-1(freshwater)
5.9 10-6 µg.L-1 (saltwater)
7.3Human health
Heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide are considered as suspected endocrine disrupters (see Section 6) for human health. Thus an additional factor of 5 is applied to the assessment factor expected for protection of human health via consumption of fishery products.
Human health via consumption of fishery products / Master referenceMammalian oral toxicity / Mice /Oral / 2 years / Cancer
Slope factor : 9.1 (mg.kg-1.d-1)-1
Virtually sure dose for a 10-6 risk :
1.1 10-7 mg.kg-1biota ww / Virtually sure dose validated by
US-EPA 1992
CMR / US-EPA: heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide classified as in Group B2 (probable human carcinogen)
IARC: heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide classified as in Group 2b (possibly carcinogenic to humans). / ATSDR 2007
Tentative QSbiota, hh / Relevant study for derivation
of QSbiota, hh / Assessment
Factor / Tentative QSbiota, hh
Human health / Virtually sure dose for a 10-6 risk :
1.110-7 mg.kg-1biota ww / 1 x 5 / 2.210-5 µg.kg-1biota ww
corresponding to
3.9 10-11 µg.L-1 (freshw.)
3.9 10-12 µg.L-1 (saltw.)
Human health via consumption of drinking water / Master reference
Existing drinking water standard(s) / 0.1 µg.L-1 (preferred regulatory standard) / Directive 98/83/EC
0.03 µg.L-1 / WHO, 2003
Drinking water standard(s) calculated
The existing regulatory standards (Directive 98/83/EC, WHO, 2003) are less stringent than the proposed QSwater. Therefore, a quality standard for drinking water abstraction is not needed.
8Bibliography, Sources and supportive information
ATSDR (2007). "Toxicological Profile for Heptachlor and Heptachlor Epoxide. August 2007." (Agence for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. U.S. Departement of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service).
Call, D. J., L. T. Brooke, et al. (1983). "Toxicity and metabolism studies with EPA priority pollutants and related chemicals in freshwater organisms." Center for Lake Superior Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Superior, Environmental Research Laboratory (Duluth, Minnesota). EPA 600/3-83-095
EPA (1980). "Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) - Office of water - Regulation and Standards, Criteria and Standards Division - Washington DC 20480 (October 1980). Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Heptachlor. EPA 440 5-80-062."
EPA (1992). "Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) - Office of Pesticides Programs, Special Review and Reregistration Division - Washington DC. (March 1992). Reregistration Eligibility Document : Heptachlor, List A, Case 0175.
."
Goodman, L. R., D. J. Hansen, et al. (1978). "Effects of Heptachlor and Toxaphene on Laboratory-Reared Embryos and Fry of the Sheepshead Minnow Proc.30th, Annu.Conf." Southeast Assoc.Game Fish Comm
HSDB (2001). "Heptachlor. Hasardous Substances Data Bank, National Library of Medecine."
IPCS INCHEM (1984). "International Programme on Chemical Safety. Environmental Health Criteria - 38 - Heptachlor. (1984)."
James, A., V. Bonnomet, et al. (2009). Implementation of requirements on Priority substances within the Context of the Water Framework Directive. Contract N° 07010401/2008/508122/ADA/D2. Prioritisation process: Monitoring-based ranking., INERIS / IOW: 58.
Kajiwara, N., S. Matsuoka, et al. (2004). "Contamination by Persistent Organochlorines in Cetaceans Incidentally Caught Along Brazilian Coastal Waters." Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology46(1): 124-134.
Kannan, K., N. Kajiwara, et al. (2004). "Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in California sea lions." Environmental Pollution131(3): 425-434.
Katsoyiannis, A. and C. Samara (2004). "Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the sewage treatment plant of Thessaloniki, northern Greece: occurrence and removal." Water Research38(11): 2685-2698.
Klimisch, H. J., M. Andreae, et al. (1997). "A Systematic Approach for Evaluating the Quality of Experimental Toxicological and Ecotoxicological Data." Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology25: 1-5.
MITI (1992). "Biodegradation and bioaccumulation data of existing chemicals based on the Chemical Substances Control Law (CSCL)." Chemicals Inspection and Testing Institute (CITI) from the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (Japan).
Schimmel, S., J. Patrick, et al. (1976). "Heptachlor: toxicity to an uptake by several estuarine organisms." Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health1: 955-965.
Swartz, C. D., K. C. Donnelly, et al. (2003). "Chemical Contaminants and Their Effects in Fish and Wildlife from the Industrial Zone of Sumgayit, Tepublic of Azerbaijan." Ecotoxicology12: 509-521.
Verschueren, K. (2001). Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals, 4th Edition. New York, NY,, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.
WHO (2006). "Concise International Chemical Assessment Document No.70 : heptachlor " World Health Organization (Geneva).
WHO (2008). "Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality - Third Edition Incorporating The First And Second Addenda, Volume 1 - Recommendations." WHO (Geneva).
1
[1]Please note that as recommended in the Technical Guidance for deriving EQS (drat version), “EQSs […] are not reported for ‘transitional and marine waters’, but either for freshwater or marine waters”. If justified by substance properties or data available, QS for the different protection objectives are given independently for transitional waters or coastal and territorial waters.
[2]
[3] Reliability according to Klimisch code (Klimisch, H. J., M. Andreae, et al. (1997). "A Systematic Approach for Evaluating the Quality of Experimental Toxicological and Ecotoxicological Data." Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology25: 1-5.)
[4] For the upper value, the value is being calculated with an additional security factor of 10 as long as the KOC value is above 5 (KOC = 5.8)