Have a Look at the Picture: Punctuation List.Png

Redakcja tekstów obcojęzycznych (4)

Punctuation

First, let’s play a game and identify punctuation marks:

Have a look at the picture: Punctuation list.png

Look at the list for a while. The teacher will then ask you to close the picture and check what you remember.

Apostrophe

- possession

- contractions

Possession

What’s the plural of:

-child - ______

-woman - ______

-man - ______

How would you add apostrophe?

Singular nouns ending in s or z:

the effects of the catharsis vs the catharsis’ effects

for goodness' sake for appearance' sake for conscience' sake

for old times’ sake

What’s the rule for the list below?

Try your hand at this:

my sister’s-in-law car OR my sister-in-law’s car

King’s of Spain daughter OR King of Spain’s daughter

a man of letters’ erudition OR a man of letters’s erudition

the Queen of Netherlands’s request OR the Queen of Netherlands’ request

What’s the difference?

I came to Jane – I was at Jane OR I was at Jane’s

I visited the doctor - ______

This is her bike – this bike is her’s OR hers

This is your laptop – this laptop is yours OR your’s

Jesus’s, Jesus’, Jesu’s

What’s the diference between these groups of names?

French names:

NOTE: both Lorilleux's (not Lorilleuxs') cats, the two Dumas's (not Dumass') novels.

Observe the italics:

The Times’s staff, Finnegans Wake’s allusions ORThe Times’s staff, Finnegans Wake’s allusions

Thirty-Year War OR Thirty Years War OR Thirty Years’ War OR Thirty Years’s War

Place names:

NOTE: The Queen’s College, Oxford vs Queens’ College, Cambridge

Plurals

greengrocer’s apostrophe:lettuce’s, cauli’s

non-standard uses:

Other uses:

But: cello, phone, plane

What are the missing letters?

Ev’ry ma’am was learn’d in rhet’ric.

Poetry and old typography:

belov'd, bless'd, curs'd, legg'd vs belovèd, blessèd,cursèd, leggèd

COMMA

Compare the three sets of sentences:

Common error:

How to improve the above?

But:

COMPARE:

Exercise – what’s the difference?

We’ll go to Cornwall, perhaps in the spring.

We’ll go to Cornwall perhaps, in the spring.

Again she refused to speak.

Again, she refused to speak.

Can you identify the subject and verb below?

What to do with it?

Comma=omission

Compare:

Oxford comma

Avoid ambiguity:

2,016,523,354$2,2010.50

Dear Sir,…Yours faithfully,…

Brown, TomPooh, Winnie the

Great Clearendon street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, UK

Paris, France vs Paris in France

Ridgewood, New Jersey

Wednesday, 12 August 1960

12 August 1960 vs August 12, 1960

Semicolon

and, or, nor, for, but

Complement/parallel function

Emphasis

Semicolon + comma = stronger division

Clarify relationships when commas used:

Punctus elevatus:

Colon

namely, that is, as, for example, for instance, because, as follows,therefore

Colon, semicolon and linking words

Direct/paraphrased speech:

Are colons below correct?

Another Victorian author worth studying is: Thackeray.

Other Victorian authors worth studying include: Thackeray, Trollope, and Dickens.

He took care to:

(a) copy all the papers,

(b) circulate them to the relevant departments, and

Full point

They stocked mussels, clams, scallops, oysters, etc.

She was awarded a D.Phil. rather than a Ph.D.

They stocked mussels, clams, scallops, oysters, etc..

She was awarded a D.Phil. rather than a Ph.D..

Dates: 12.11.2015

Time: 5.13 p.m.

Ellipsis

I only said, 'If we could...'.

In British English every sequence of words before or after four points should be functionally complete.

? and !

Interruption, pause, irony, rhetorical

= etc.

Question mark

Did she really say that?

You’e coming, aren't you?

Would you kindly let us know whether to expect you?

I wonder if I might ask you to open the window?

May I take this opportunity to wish you all a safe journey.

Will everyone please stand to toast the bride and groom.

Do you want more lardycake? Buns? Muffins?

You will be back before lunch, right? About noon? Good.

Where now? they wonder.

He pondered why me? till his head hurt.

Direct speech:

‘Why not?’ she wondered.

She wondered, ‘Why not?’

Other uses

Doubt

Space needed:

Dates in doubt

Geoffrey Chaucer (?1340-1400)

Exclamation mark

Obvious use

(!) vs [!]

Hyphens and dashes

‘hard’ hyphen vs ‘soft’ hyphen

NOTE

Compare and tell the difference

a stainless steel table vs a stainless-steel table

a little used car vs a little-used car

Italics and foreign phrases

Capitalized words

Prefixes and combining forms

Vowel/consonant collision

re-entry

non-negotiable

Confusion

re-form vs reform

recover vs re-cover

Prefixes

Names

Numbers

twenty-three, four hundred and sixty-eight, fifty-three thousand, two-thirds, four and five-eights

Compass points

But:

southeaster northwester (of winds)

Other uses

Word division

there, watch, though, prayer, wrought

helped, passed, grasped

ph as in atmos-phere, gn as in poign-ant, eaas in crea-ture

-cious, -dal,-don, -gion, -gious, -sion, -tial, -tion

Avoid

Schwa

3 letters before and after the division

Exception – 2 letters before

Use existing hyphens

Counter-clockwise

Use etymology

Avoid mispronunciation

Chil-dren vs child-ren, dem-ocracy vs demo-cracy

carry-ing

admit-ting

chuck-ling

puz-zling

Etymology useless

Avoid oddity

hyphen (-), en dash/rule (–), and em dash/rule (—).

En rule

the 1939-45 war vs the war from 1939 to 1945

OR NO SPACE between the en rule and parenthesis

the Lloyd-Jones theory vs the Lloyd-Jones–Scargill talks

Arab–American vs Arab-American

Or use *

Dash (em rule)

Also possible to use en rule and space on either side

Introduce a phrase at the end of a sentence or replace an introductory colon

Em rule

spaced toindicate the omission of a word, and closed up to indicate the omission of part of a word

Closed up for interruption in dialogue

Brackets – umbrella term

Match the brackets to their names:

( )

[ ]

{ }

square brackets

angle brackets

parentheses

braces/curly brackets

Parentheses for digressions, explanations, glosses, and translations:

Square brackets: comments, corrections, interpolations, parenthetical notes, or translations that a subsequent author or editor hasappended to an original text.

In translations:

Braces

Punctuation with brackets

How much can you put between em rules and in parentheses

Nested brackets

The Chrysler Building ((1928-30) architect William van Alen (not Allen))

The Chrysler Building ( [1928-30] architect William van Alen [not Allen] )

Solidus

This symbol ( / ): the slash, stroke, oblique, virgule, diagonal, and shilling mark

either/or, his/her, on/off, masculine/feminine/neutral

Abbreviations, such as A/C (account), Bs/L (bills of lading), c/o (care of), I/O (input-output), N/A (not applicable), N/V (non-vintage), W/Cdr (wing commander), W/D (withdrawal), and U/w (under-writer), and 24/7 (twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week).

It is used to enclose phonemic transcriptions and pronunciations in dictionaries.

a complex in-text fraction is usually set in font-size numerals, such as 99/100

the fiscal year 2000/1

Especially US

dates: 5/2/90: what’s the ambiguity?

Vertical

The vertical rule (|): the upright rule or the vertical

specific uses as a technical symbol in specialist subjects, such as computing, mathematics.

separation of lines (poems, plays, correspondence, libretti, or inscriptions)

Quotation marks

NOTE:

Quotation marks and punctuation – common-sense approach

When the requirements of the quotation and the main sentence differ, use the stronger mark.

When to use both?

The original passage might read:

When a sentence-long quotation is used as an explanation or specimen,

the full point usually does not fall within the closing quotation mark:

Direct speech

NOTE:

In reporting extended passages of speech, use an opening quotation mark at the beginning of each new paragraph, but a closing one only at the end of the last.

Italic

emphasis

Apostrophes: