Goff ;Ljwfg / Blntsf Ph 08Fx?

gofF ;ljwfg / blntsf Ph]08fx?

Zofd >]i7

-blnt ;d'bfo / Pgsf8{sf nflu k'; #), @)^* df sf7df08f}df x'g] ljrf/ uf]i7Lsf nflu t}of/ ul/Psf] sfo{kq_

g]kfn, blnt / r/d alxis/0f

g]kfndf blntsf] hg;+Vof ;fgf] 5}g . s'n hg;+Vofdf !# k|ltzt / ;+Vofdf #) nfv blnt 5g\ eg]/ @)%* ;fnsf] s]lGb|o tYofÍ laefusf]/fli6«o hgu0fgfn] g} b]vfPsf] 5 . of] cfFs8feGbf lgs} Hofbf cg'kftdf cyf{t sl/a @) k|ltztsf] cg'kftdf g]kfndf blnt /x]s]f blnt ;+3 ;+:yfx? atfpF5g\ . klxn]sf] hgu0fgfdf sltkon] y/ 9Ff6]sf], n'sfPsf] jf s}og\sf] y/ afx'gsf] h:t} b]lvPsf], g]jf/ ;d'bfosf blnt / dw]zL ;d'bfosf sltko blntnfO{ blntsf ?kdf g} u0fgf gul/Psf] kl/k|]Iodf of] bfaLnfO{ cg'lrt eGg ldNb}g . @)^* ;fndf lnOPsf] hgu0fgfdf blntsf] cfFs8f Hofbf :ki6 x'g]5.

;/sf/L cfFs8fnfO{ g} cfwf/ dfGg] xf] eg] klg g]kfndf afx'gx? hlt cg'kft / ;+Vofdf 5g\ sl/a Tolt g} cg'kft / ;+Vofdf blnt hg;+Vof /x]sf] 5 . k/Gt' g]kfnsf] la8Djgf s] xf] eg] plt g} hg;+Vof x'Fbf klg g]kfnsf] zf;g k|zf;gsf] clwsf+z lx:;fdf afx'gsf] k|ltlglwTj c? s'g} ;d'bfoeGbf cTolws /x]sf] 5 eg] blntsf] ;xeflutf ;a}eGbf yf]/},guGo jf z"Go /x]sf] 5 . blntx? g]kfndf r/d ;fdflhs alxis/0fsf] lzsf/ ePsf 5g\ .

s'n hg;+Vofdf em08} x/]s kfFrdf Pshgf /x]sf blntx?sf] @))& ;fnb]lv @)%* ;fn;Ddsf] cfwf ztfAbLsf] cjlwdf dGqL kl/ifbdf z"Go ;xeflutf /xg' eg]sf] /fhgLlts alxis/0fsf] k/fsfi7f xf] . 6]'a'n ! sf] cfFs8f x]/]df Tof] s'/f 5n{+u x'g]5 M

6]a'n ! Mg]kfnsfdGqL kl/ifbdf blnt ;xeflutfM P]ltxfl;s qmddf

@))&;fn / @)!%;fn / @)$*;fn / @)%!;fn / @)%*;fn
;+Vof / Ü / ;+Vof / Ü / ;+Vof / Ü / ;+Vof / Ü / ;+Vof / Ü
kxf8] æpRr hftÆ / * / *) / !) / %# / !) / ^& / !! / &# / @) / ^#
dw]zL æpRr hft Æ / ! / !) / @ / !! / ! / @ / ^
blnt / ) / ) / ) / ) / ) / ) / ) / ) / ) / )

;|f]t M b]asf]6f, u|Lid axfb'/, g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts bk{0f efu !, efu @,

/ dGqL kl/ifb ;lrjfno

g]kfnsf] ;jf]{Rr sfo{sfl/0fL eg]sf] dGqL kl/ifb xf] . k/Gt' Psrf]l6 xf]Og, @))& ;fn, @)!%;fn, @)$*;fn, @)%!;fn, @)%* ;fndf u7g ePsf] g]kfnsf] dGqLkl/ifbdf blntsf] ;xeflutf z"Go lyof] . oxL ;dodf kxf8] v; pRr hftsf] ;xeflutf eg] cf};tdf b'O{ltxfO eGbf Hofbf /x]sf] lyof] ha ls s'n hg;+Vofdf pgLx?sf] cg'kft Ps ltxfOeGbf klg sd lyof] .

vfln dGqL kl/ifbdf dfq xf]Og, tn lbOPsf] tflnsf Pssf] cfFs8f lgofn]/ x]¥of}F eg] g]kfndf ;Dk"0f{ zf;g k|zf;gdf blnt slt Hofbf alxis/0fdf k/]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f k|i6} b]]lvG5 M

6]a'n – @

;Dk"0f{ zf;g k|zf;gdf blnt ;xeflutf M ;g\ !((( df

;+:yfx? / Kfxf8] pRr hftx? / g]jf/ / Dfw]zL / Kfxf8]
hghfltx? / blntx? / s'n hDdf
!= ;+j}wflgs c+ux?df / !$ / ^ / # / @ / – / @%
@= dGqL kl/ifbdf / @) / # / % / $ / – / #@
#= Gofokflnsfdf / !*! / #@ / !* / $ / – / @#%
$= Aoj:yflksfdf / !%* / @) / $^ / #^ / $ / @^%
%= lghfdtL k|zf;gdf / !() / $# / ( / # / – / @$%
^=/fhgLlts bnsf] g]t[Tjdf / (& / !* / @^ / @% / – / !^^
&= lhlj; ;efklt÷d]o/df / !)^ / #) / #! / @# / – / !()
*=gful/s ;dfhsf] g]t[Tjdf / $! / * / $ / ! / – / %$
s'n hDdf / *)* / !^) / !$@ / (* / $ / !,@!@
s=x/]s 7f8f] nx/sf] k|ltzt / ^^=^ / !#=@ / !!=& / *=! / )=# / !))
Vf= s'n hg;+Vofsf] k|ltzt / #!=^ / %=^ / #)=( / @@=@ / *=& / !))
saf6 v 36fpFbf / ±#%=) / ±&=^ / —!(=@ / —!$=! / —*=$ / –

;|f]tM Gof}kfg], uf]ljGb @))) . xs{ u'?ª -@))^_ ' From Exclusion to Inclusion: Socio–Political Agenda in Nepal' , k[i7 !& df pWb[t ePcg';f/

pk/f]Qm cfFs8fnfO{ s]nfpFbf s] b]lvG5 eg] g]kfndf /fhgLlt / gf]s/zfxLtGqsf d'Vo kbx?dWo] (!=k|ltzt :yfg afx'g If]qL, 7s'/L h:tf tyfslyt pRr hftsf dflg;x?n] dfq cf]u6]sf 5g\ k/Gt' hg:f+Vofdf pgLx? s]jn #@ k|ltzt 5g\ . t/ tL kbx?df blntx?sf] Ps hgf dflg; klg kg{;s]sf] 5}g . g]kfnsf] k|zf;g, Gofofno / gful/s ;dfhdf &^ b]lv &* k|ltzt :yfgdf tyfslyt kxf8] …pRr hftÚsf dflg;n] dfq sJhf hdfPsf 5g\ .[1]

;g\ !((( sf] cfFs8fd'tfljs, g]kfnsf ;+j}wflgs c+ux?df, Gofokflnsfdf, dGqL kl/ifb cyf{t sfo{kflnsfdf, k|ltlglw;efdf, kf6L{sf] g]t[TjbfoL c+ux?df, ;fdfGo k|zf;gdf blntx?sf] pkl:ylt z"Go l:yltdf /x]sf] lyof], hals s'n hg;+Vofdf pgLx? !# k|ltzt 5g\ [2].

;g\ @)))÷)! sf] nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] tYof+s d'tflas, /fhkqf+lst clws[t txdf lgj]bg xfn]/ kf; ePsf !*% hgf pDd]bjf/x?dWo] *& k|ltzt …pRr hftÚsf cyf{t afx'g, If]qL, 7s'/L, / /fhk"t hftsf dflg;x? lyP . To;dWo] Ps hgf klg blnt pDd]bjf/ pQL0f{ x'g]df lyPg. [3]

g]kfnsf] ;+;bdf blnt k|ltlglwTjsf] Oltxf; x]g]{ xf] eg] @)!^ ;fnsf] k|ltlglw;efdf s]jn Pshgf blnt ;f+;b r'lgg ;s]sf lyP eg] To;sf] ## aif{kl5 @)$* ;fndf lgjf{lrt ePsf] k|ltlglw;efdf klg blnt k|ltlglwTjdf s'g} ;'wf/ cfPsf] lyPg M To;df klg s]jn ! hgf s[i0fl;+ kl/of/ dfq blnt ;f+;b lyP . cem @)%! ;fnsf]/ @)%^ ;fnsf]lgjf{lrt k|ltlglw;efdf t Ps hgf klg blnt ;ef;b lyPg .

6]a'n#M g]kfnL;+;bdf blnt ;xeflutfM P]ltxfl;s qmddf

@)!% ;fn / @)$* ;fn / @)%! ;fn / @)%^ ;fn
k|ltlglw;efdf blnt k|ltlglw / s'n / blnt / Ü / s'n / blnt / Ü / s'n / blnt / Ü / s'n / blnt / Ü
!)( / ! / )=( / @)% / ! / )=% / @)% / ) / ) / @)% / ) / )
dxf;ef÷/fli6«o ;efdf blnt k|ltlglw / #^ / ) / ) / ^) / @ / # / ^) / # / % / ^) / $

;|f]t M b]asf]6f, u|Lidaxfb'/, g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts bk{0f efu @, / lgjf{rg cfof]usf] j]j;fO6

@)!% ;fnsf] dxf;efdf blnt ;xeflutf z"Go lyof] . k/Gt' @)$^ ;fnsf] P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ngkl5 lgjf{lrt ePsf] /fli6«o ;efdf eg] @)$* ;fndf @ hgf, @)%! ;fndf # hgf / @)%^ ;fndf $ hgf blnt ;ef;b lyP= .

b]zsf] ;jf]{Rr Gofofnodf klg blntsf] ;xeflutf TolQs} 6L7nfUbf] b]lvG5 . @))* ;fnb]lv @)^*;fnaLrsf] ;f7L aif{sf] cjlwdf b]zsf] /fhgLltdf o'ufGtsf/L pynk'yn eof] t/ s'g} klg ;dosf] ;jf]{Rr Gofofnodf Pshgf klg blnt GofofwLz dgf]gLt x'g;s]g .

6]a'n $ M ;jf]{Rr Gofofnodf blnt M P]ltxfl;s qmddf

@))(;fn / @)!%;fn / @)$*;fn / @)%!;fn / @)%^;fn / @)^*
;+Vof / Ü / ;+Vof / Ü / ;+Vof / Ü / ;+Vof / Ü / ;+Vof / Ü / ;+Vof / Ü
kxf8] æpRr hftÆ / # / ^) / * / *) / ( / ^) / !! / ^! / !% / &! / !! / ^(
dw]zL æpRr hftÆ / ! / @) / ! / !) / # / @) / $ / @@ / @ / !) / # / !(
blnt / ) / ) / ) / ) / ) / ) / ) / ) / ) / ) / ) / )

;|f]t M ;jf]{Rr cbfnt

b]zsf] gLlt lg0f{o ug]{ tx cyf{t lalzi6 >]0fLsf lghfdtL sd{rf/LdWo] Ps hgf klg blnt sd{rf/L b]lvFb}g .

Vffln /fHo ;+/rgfdf dfq xf]Og, ;a}lt/ blntx? r/de]befj,alxis/0f / cGofodf k/]sf 5g\ .

b]zsf] cf};t ;fIf/tf b/ $* k|ltzt x'Fbf blntsf] ;fIf/tf b/ eg] !)=& k|ltzt dfq /x]sf] 5 . cem dlxnf blntsf] ;fIf/tf b/ t of] eGbf klg lgs} sd cyf{t #=@ k|ltzt dfq /x]sf] 5 .[4] s'n ;fIf/ blntdWo] @&=& k|ltztn] k|fylds lzIff k|fKt u/]sf 5g\, *=$ k|ltztn] dfWolds lzIff k|fKt u/]sf 5g\, )=* k|ltztn] P;=Pn=;L u/]sf 5g\ / )=$ k|ltztn] pRr lzIff k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ .[5]

g]kfnLsf] ;/b/ cfo'sf] t'ngfdf blntsf] cfo' kfFr aif{ sd 5 . [6]

g]kfndf tyfslyt pRr hftsf dflg; hlt ul/a 5g\ Tof]eGbf 8]9 u'0ff Hofbf blnt ;d'bfosf dflg; ul/a 5g\ .[7] %# k|ltzt blntl;t hf]tef]usf nflu cfˆg} hdLg 5}g .[8] &* k|ltzt blntl;t afFRgsf nflu kof{Kt e"ld,cfjf;, vfgf, :jf:Yo, :ofxf/, lzIff / /f]huf/Lsf] cefj 5 / ToxL sf/0fn] pgLx? Hofb} sl7g hLjg afFlr/x]sf 5g\ . s'n v]tLof]Uo e"ldsf] ! k|ltzt klg blntx? cf]u6\b}gg\ .[9]

@)^# ;fndf nf]stGq k|flKtkl5 blntsf] l:yltdf lemgf] km/s cfPsf] 5 . pgLx? hDdf %) hgf cyf{t * k|ltztsf] cg'kftdf ;+ljwfg;efdf k'Ug ;dy{ ePsf 5g\ . blntx? olt w]/} ;+Vof / cg'kftdf g]kfnsf] d"n sfg'g / sfg'g agfpg] 7fpFdf k'Ug ;s]sf] of] g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df klxnf] k6s xf] .

blntdfly e]befj, cGofo / pTkL8gsf] Pp6f h/f] sf/0f g]kfn /fHosf] lxGb" :j?knfO{ ablnPsf] 5 M g]kfnnfO{ wd{lg/k]If 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] 5 . of] ;a}sf] nflu / laz]iftM blntsf] nflu P]ltxfl;s pknlAw xf] .

k/Gt' dfcf]jfbLn] g]t[Tj u/]sf] clxn]sf] $( ;b:oLo hDjf] dGqL kl/ifbdf ;d]t Sofljg]6 :t/sfblnt dGqLPs hgf klg 5}g . /fHo dGqL :t/df dfq hDdf b'O{ hgf blnt dGqL kg{;s]sf 5g\ M uf]kL c5fdL / /d0fL/fd . dGqL kl/ifbdf blnt dGqLsf] cg'kft $ k|ltzt dfq /x]sf] 5 . o; lx;fan] u0ftGq cfPkl5sf] dGqL kl/ifb klg blntcd}qL g} 5 .

@)^# ;fndf nf]stGqsf] k|flKtkl5 ;]gf, k|x/L / k|zf;gdf$% k|ltzt ;L6 ;dfj]zLtfsf] nflu cf/lIft ul/Psf] 5 . ToxL $% k|ltztnfO{ ztk|ltzt dfg]/ blntsf] nflu s]xL k|ltzt ;L6 cf/lIft ul/g yflnPsf] 5 . ;]gfdf clxn] ! k|ltzt cyf{t %)) hgf ;}lgs dfq blnt /x]sf 5g\ / tL klg n8fs' e"ldsfdf 5}gg\, k/Dk/fut k]zfdf 5g\, ;}lgs clws[tdWo] Ps hgf klg blnt 5}g .[10]

lo hDd} tYo / tYofÍx?n] s] b]vfpF5g\ eg]

g]kfndf blntx? cfh klg ;a}eGbf Hofbf;fdflhs alxis/0f / e]befjsf] lzsf/ ePsf ;d'bfodWo] k5{g\ .
g]kfnsf] /fHooGq cyf{t ;]gf, k|x/L, k|zf;g, Gofofnodf blntsf] pkl:ylt gu0o jf z"Go a/f]a/ 5 . uPsf] 5 bzsdf o;df s'g} tflTjs ;'wf/ ePsf] 5}g . g]kfnsf] /fHo ;+/rgf blntsf] nflu clxn] klg p:t} alxisf/s 5 h:tf] of] @))& ;fn / @)!% ;fndf lyof] .
g]kfnsf] ;jf]{Rr sfo{sfl/0fL dGqL kl/ifbdf blntsf] ;xeflutf gfd dfqsf] 5 . Sofljg]6 :t/df blnt dGqL Pshgf klg 5}gg\ .
g]kfnsf] Aoj:yflksfdf dfq blnt cln pNn]Vo dfqfdf 5g\, Tof] klg ;+ljwfg;ef ePsf]n] . t/ ToxfF klg blnt hg;+Vofsf] cg'kftdf blnt k|ltlglwTj x'g ;s]sf] 5}g.
lzIff, /f]huf/L / ljsf;sf cj;/df blntsf] kx'Fr / lx:;]bf/L Hofb} Go'g / bogLo 5 .
nf]stGqsf] k|flKtkl5 h'g;'s} bn ;Qfdf cfPtfklg blntnfO{ clxn];Dd bof dfq b]vfOPsf] 5, lr/:yfoL / ;':ki6 ;+j}wflgs Aoj:yf l;h{gf u/]/ p;sf] Gofof]lrt / ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj /fHo ;+/rgf, /fHooGq / /fhgLlts bnsf] x/]s tx / 9fFrfdf ;'lglZrt ul/Psf] 5}g . k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;DklQdf blntsf] kx'Fr ;'lglZrt / Gofok"0f{ agfpg] s'g} ;+ljwfg / P]g clxn];Dd agfOPsf] 5}g .

;+ljwfg;efn] lgdf{0f ug]{ gofF ;+ljwfgn] blntsf] of] l:yltdf 6fn6'n] ;'wf/ xf]Og, cfd"n k|ultzLn kl/jt{g ug]{ sfo{ ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

gofF ;+ljwfg, d"n cGtj{:t' / /0fgLlt

z'?df b'O{ aif{sf nflu eg]/ tf]lsPsf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] cfo' ;Qf ;+3if{sf] rSs/df ?dlNnFb} rf/ aif{ k'lu;s]sf] 5 . ca g]kfnsf /fhgLlts bnx?l;t h]7 !$ ut] @)^( df gofF ;+ljwfg hf/L ug'{ l;afo csf]{ lasNk afFsL /x]sf] 5}g . g]kfnL hgtfn] sl/a 5 bzs nfdf] ;+3if{kl5 xfl;n u/]sf] ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ gofF cu|ufdL ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f g} gu/Lsg t'xfpg] sfd st}af6 eof] eg] Tof] 7"nf] /fhgLlts ck/fw x'g]5 .

oxL kl/k|]Iodf d+l;/ !#, @)^* df ;+ljwfg;efsf] Dofb ;DejtM clGtd k6ssf] lglDt ^ dxLgf ylkPsf] 5 . cfˆgf] clwsf/ If]qeGbf aflx/ uP/ ePsf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] xfn}sf] km};nfn] cfpFbf] 5 dxLgfleq gofF ;+ljwfg hf/L ul/;Sg' kg]{ sfg'gL afWotf /fhgLlts bnx?dfly yf]kl/lbPsf] 5 . o;aLr bz}j6f laifout ;ldltn] cf–cfˆgf] k|ltj]bg ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ a'emfO;s]sf] l:ylt 5 . ;+3Lo /fHo ;+/rgfsf s]xL d"ne"t laifodf, zf;sLo :j?k /, r'gfj k|0ffnLsf s]xL laifodf bnx?aLr ;xdlt h'6\g' afFsL 5 .

;+ljwfg;efsf] ;kmntfl;t ;a}eGbf Hofbf 9's\9'sL hf]l8Psf] s'g} ;d'bfo 5 eg] Tof] /fHoaf6 clxn];Dd kfvf kfl/Psf, blnt, hghflt, dlxnf, dw]zL, d'l:nd, dhb'/, ls;fg, / cGo cNk;+Vos / ;LdfGtLs[t ;d'bfo g} xf] . To;dWo] klg blnt ;d'bfosf] nflu ;+ljwfgh;efsf] ;kmntf ckl/xfo{ 5, lsgeg] ;+ljwfg;ef gofF ;+ljwfg hf/L ug{ lakmn eof] / ;ljwfg;efn] ;dtfd"ns, ;dfj]zL / cu|ufdL ;+ljwfg n]Vg ;s]g eg] of] ;d'bfosf] xft km]l/ Psrf]l6 l/Qf] x'g]5 / g]kfndf oyfl:ylt / k'/fg} /fHo ;+/rgf sfod x'g hfg]5 .

;De|fGt au{ / olt~h]nsf zf;s ;d'bfosf] nflu @)$& ;fnsf] 9fFrfsf] Ps yfg ;+ljwfg hf/L u/] k'Ug] l:ylt 5 t/ r/d alxis/0fdf kfl/Psf blnt / cGo ;d'bfosf] lglDt h:tf];'s} eP klg Ps yfg ;+ljwfg dfq hf/L eP/ k'Ub}g, Tof] ;+ljwfg xfd|f] / /fd|f] eGg nfossf] klg x'g'kg]{ x'G5 . pgLx?sf] nflu xfd|f] / /fd|f] eGg nfossf] ;+ljwfg ta x'G5 ha Tof] k|ultzLn x'G5, ha gofF /fHo ;+/rgfn] /fHosf] s'g} klg tx / c+udf blnt ;d'bfox?sf] kx'Fr / k|ltlglwTj Gofok'0f{ / ;dtfd"ns 9+un] :yflkt ug{;S5, ha gofF /fHo ;+/rgfn] pgLx?nfO{ pgLx?sf] hg;+Vofsf] cg'kftdf, olt~h]nsf] r/d e]befj / cGofosf] Ifltk"lt{;lxt, zf;g / lg0f{o ug]{ x/]s tx / :yfgdf tyf ljsf; ug]{ x/]s cj;/;Dd k'¥ofpg ;S5 . /fHosf x/]s c+u / txdf, cfly{s / k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgdf, lgod÷sfg'g agfpg] x/]s :yfgdf / lzIff, /f]huf/L / ljsf;sf x/]s cj;/df olt~h]n alxis/0fdf kfl/ cfPsf blnt ;d'bfosf] kx'Fr, / k|ltlglwTj / :jfldTj ;'lglZrt ePsf] gofF ;+ljwfg oltv]/sf] cfjZostf xf] .

o;sf nflu gofF ;+ljwfgdf blntsf] nflu lgDg cfwfe
t cGtj{:t'x? ;dfj]z ug]{ /0fgLlt c+uLsf/ ug'{ cTofjZos x'g uPsf] 5 M

bofsf] ?kdf xf]Og, k|0ffnLut ?kdf ;+3Lo / k|fb]lzs dGqL kl/ifb tyf :jfoQ If]q / :yfgLo txsf :yfgLo ;/sf/b]lv k|zf;goGq;Dd blntx? ;dfg'kflts 9+un] hlxn] klg kg]{ ;+j}wflgs k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf ul/g'k5{ .
;+3 / To;d'lgsf sfg'g÷lgod÷gLlt agfpg] x/]s k|ltlglwd"ns ;+:yfdf hg;+Vofsf] cg'kftdfblntsf] ;dfg'kflts ;xeflutfsf] ;'lglZrttf gofF ;+ljwfgdf x'g'k5{ . ;a} txdf blntsf] nflu yk kfFr k|ltzt Ifltk"lt{ k|ltlglw x'g] Aoj:yf x'g'k5{ .
tLg ufla;eGbf Hofbf ;+Vofdf ;lGgs6 ?kdf hf]l8P/ blntx?sf] ;3g a;f]jf; / afx'No ePsf] :yfgdf blnt afx'No :jfoQ If]qsf] :yfkgf ug]{ ;j}wflgs k|jGw x'g'k5{ .
c?sf] ax'dt jf afx'No ePsf] k|b]z eP tfklg blnt afx'No÷ax'dt ePsf] x/]s If]qdf zf;g k|zf;gdf blnt g]t[Tj x'g] ;+j}wflgs Aoj:yfsf] ;'lglZrttf . h:tf] If]qL ax'dt ePsf] If]qdf ufla;df blnt ax'dt 5 eg] Tof] ufla;sf] k|d'v blnt g} x'g] Aoj:yf x'g'k5{ .
s'g} klg k|b]zdf, laz]if ;+/rgfdf jf :yfgLo lgsfodf blntsf] ax'dt / afx'Nosf] l:ylt gePtfklg ;3g a;f]jf;;lxt xf/fxf/L jf bf]>f]÷t]>f] :yfgdf blnt ePsf :yfgdf k|b]zb]lv :yfgLo tx;Dd rqmLo kb k|0ffnL cGtu{t blntsf] klg kfnf]kfnf] ;/sf/ k|d'v÷pkk|d'v x'g] ;+j}wflgs Aoj:yf .
7"nf] hg;+Vof ePsf] t/ b]zel/ hg;+Vof 5l/Psf] ;d'bfosf] gftfn] u}/ef}uf]lns :jfoQtfsf] clwsf/dfkm{t b]zel/sf aflnu blntx?n] Pp6f ;+3Lo blnt kl/ifb r'Gg] / To;af6 /fli6«o ;efdf klg k|b]z ;/x a/f]a/L ;+Vofdf k|ltlglw r'g]/ k7fpg] Aoj:yf x'g'k5{ .
;]gf k|x/L, k|zf;g, Gofofno h:tf] /fHooGqdf / kf6L{ ;+oGqsf] x/]s tx / 9fFrfdf,tyf pRr lzIff, k|fljlws lzIff,/f]huf/L / ljsf;sf x/]s cj;/df blntsf] nflu kfFr k|ltzt Ifltk"lt{;lxt ;dfg'kflts sf]6f k|0ffnL, jf cf/If0fsf] Aoj:yf x'g'k5{ . of] l;WbfGtsf] kfngf gug]{ bn lgjf{rg cfof]udf btf{ g} x'g g;Sg] ;+j}wflgs Aoj:yf ul/g'k5{ .
blntleqsf klg Hofbf pk]lIft / ;LdfGtLs[t ;d'bfosf nflu tyf dlxnfsf] nflu ;dfg'kfltstfleq klg ;dfg'kfltstfsf] Aoj:yf x'g'k5{ .
k':tf}Fb]lv hdLg hf]lt/x]sf blntsf nflu hf]t]sf] sDtLdf klg cfwf hdLgdf :jtM:jfldTj x'g] ;+j}wflgs Aoj:yf x'g'k5{ .
blntsf] k/Dk/fut k]zf Aoj;fodf zf]if0f / cGofoaf6 d'lQm / cfw'lgs/0fsf nflu /fHoaf6 ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / e/y]u ug]{ ;+j}wflgs Aoj:yf x'g'k5{ .
blntdfly s'g} klg lsl;dsf] 5'jf5't, pTkL8g, x]nfxf]rf] / e]befj ug]{ sfo{ kmf}Hbf/L ;fdflhs ck/fwsf] ?kdf lnOg] ;+j}wflgs Aoj:yf x'g'k5{ . To;sf] Ifltk"lt{ ug]{n] ltg'{kg]{ Aoj:yf x'g'k5{ . ug]{dfq xf]Og pTkL8g, e]befj, 5'jf5't x]/]/ klg r'k nfUg] klg bl08t x'g] Aoj:yf x'g'k5{ .

clGtd lgrf]8df x/]s blntn] 5'jf5't, e]befj, pk]Iff / pTkL8g/lxt eP/ klxn]eGbf Hofbf ;jf{+LuL0f ?kdf dflg; em} eP/ ;fd'bflos ?kdf dof{lbt hLjg lhpg ;Sg] ;dtf / Gofod"ns ;dfj]zL nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g} olta]nf blnt ;d'bfosf] d'Vo cfjZostf / rfxgf eO/x]5 . blntn] ca km]l/ cfkm"nfO{ blnt elg/xg gkg]{ / x/]s blntn] cfkm"nfO{ c? gful/s;/x ;dfg xs, x}l;ot, kx'Fr / k|ltlglwTj ePsf] gful/s / dfgj 7fGg] l:yltsf] l;h{gf g} gofF ;+ljwfgdf kfl/g] blnt Ph]08fsf] d'Vo nIo x'g'k5{ .

clxn]sf] ;do / kl/l:yltnfO{ lgofNbf blnt ;d'bfosf nflu gofF ;+ljwfgdf of] of] s'/f kg'{ k5{ eg]/ la:t[tdf k"0f{ / cfbz{ ;'rL t}of/ kfg]{ ;do ca kf/ ePsf] 5 . oltv]/ t laifout ;ldltn] t}of/ kf/]sf k|ltj]bgdf blnt ;d'bfosf s] s] dxTjk"0f{ / clt cfjZos s'/f k/], s] s] s'/f 5'6], s] s] laifo j:t' gk/L gx'g] / ;Demf}tf ug{ g;lsg] ckl/xfo{ laifo x'g\ / s] s] s'/f o; k6s kg{ sd ;Dej 5 / gk/] klg ;Demf}tf u/]/ elaiodf kfg{ ;+3if{ hf/L /fVg'k5{ eGg] h:tf Aojxfl/s / j}rfl/s laifodf 5nkmn ug'{kg]{ ;do xf] . oxL x'gfn] of] sfo{kq log} laifodf dfq s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5 tfls tL laifox? gofF ;+ljwfgdf Kffg{ clxn] klg xfdL PstfjWb ;+3if{ ug{, bafa lbg / kxn lng ;sf}F . of] sfo{kqsf] ;Ldf klg oxL xf] .

;a} laifoj:t'x? cfjZos eP/ klg k|fylds / ;dfg dxTjsf x'Fb}gg\ . s'g} laifoj:t' ;Demf}tf ug{ gldNg] / 5'6fpg} gx'g] vfnsf / k|fylds dxTjsf x'G5g\ eg] s'g} laifo cfjZos eP/ klg ;xfos dxTjsf x'G5g\ h;df clxn] ;Demf}tf ug{ ;lsG5 / clxn] 5'6]tfklg km]l/ xfl;n ug{ ;+3if{ ug{ ;lsG5 . lo b'O{ yl/ laifodf cGt/ ug{ xfdLn] hfGg'k5{ . ;a} laifonfO{ ;Demf}tf ug{ ldNg] agfpg' klg TolQs} unt xf] hlt ;a} laifonfO{ ;Demf}tf ug{ gldNg] agfpg' .

clxn] s] eO/x]sf] 5 eg] s'g s'/f u'bL / k|fylds dxTjsf] xf] / s'g xf]Og eGg]df cGt/ ug{ g;Sbf blnt ;d'bfosf] nflu /fHo ;+/rgf ;DjGwL sltko u'bL / k|fylds dxTjsf laifo ;d]t laifout ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgdf kg{af6 5'6]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . of] sfo{kqn] lo / o:tf lsl;dsf 5'6]sf k|fylds dxTjsf laifonfO{ cf}FNofpg] k|of; ug]{5 .

of] ;+ljwfg;efdf s]jn blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt / alxis[t ;d'bfo dfq pkl:yt 5}gg\ . ToxfF clxn];Dd /fHosf] d"n wf/df /x]/ zf;g ul/cfPsf] v; cfo{ ;d'bfo nufot c? y'k|} ;De|fGt ;d'bfo ljBdfg 5g\ . cfcfˆgf] ;fdYo{sf] ;Ldf / zlQm ;Gt'ngsf] d"t{ l:ylt ljrf/ u/]/ olta]n} xfl;n gu/L gx'g] d'Vo / k|fylds s'/fx? xfl;n ug]{ / c?df;Demf}tf ug{] / k'gM tL laifo kfg{sf nflu ;+3if{ hf/L /fVg] /0fgLlt cKgfpg' l;afo olt~h]n blnt ;d'bfol;t csf]{ ljsNk g} 5}g .

blnt ;d'bfon] clxn] cKgfpg'kg]{ ;xL /0fgLlt s] x'g;S5 eg] o;n]] gofF ;+ljwfgdf o;k6s g} gkf/L gx'g] Ph]08fsf] :ki6 ;"rL t}of/ kfg'{k5{, bafa / ;+3if{sf] d"t{ sfo{of]hgf agfpg'k5{, klxnf] 3]/f] blnt ;ef;bx?sf aLrdf / bf]>f] 3]/f] ;a} alxis[t ;d'bfosf aLrdf ;femf Ph]08df ;+o'Qm ;+3if{ ug]{ / ;+o'Qm bafa lbg] b'O{ 3]/] ;+o'Qm df]rf{sf] gLlt clVtof/ ug'{k5{, h'g clxn];Dd b]lvPsf] 5}g .

ltd|f] gfsd'v, ;+:s[lt, wd{ xfdLl;t kf] ldN5 eGb} olt~h]n zf;g;Qfdf xfnLd'xfnL hdfpFb} cfPsf] v; cfo{ zf;s ;d'bfon] blnt ;d'bfo / ;ef;bdf km'6 kfg]{ bfpk]Fr klg cKgfO/x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . of] bfpk]Frdf pgLx? sbflk kmF:g' x'Fb}g . h'g;'s} kf6L{sf] blnt ;ef;b eP klg /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf ;DjGwdf gofF ;+ljwfgdf gk/L gx'g] k|fylds dxTjsf laifodf kf6L{sf] lXjk / 3]/f]eGbf dfly p7]/ PstfjWb eP/ bafa lbPdf / ;+3if{ u/]df dfq ck]lIft pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 . blnt, hghflt, , dw]zL, d'l:nd, dlxnf, dhb"/, hf]tfxf ls;fg / cGo clt cNk;+Vos / ;LdfGtLs[t ;d'bfon];a} pk]lIft / kfvf k/]sf ;d'bfon] ldn]/ kl/jt{gsf] kIfdf g/x]sf g]tf tyf bnnfO{ 3]g]{, kIfdf ePsf;Fu ;xof]usf nflu ;Djfb sfod ug]{ / kIfdf cfpg g;Sg]nfO{ sd;]sd t6:y eP klg agfpg] gLlt cKgfPdf pgLx?sf] ;+3if{ Hofbf k|efjsf/L x'g]5 .

g]kfndf alxis[t ;d'bfosf] 3]/f] lgs} 7"nf] 5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf] em08} tLg rf}yfO ;ef;b alxis[t ;d'bfosf 5g\ . To;}n] olta]nfsf] ;xL /0fgLlt ldNg] Ph]08fdf alxis[t ;d'bfosf] km/flsnf] Pstf xf] . blnt nufot ;a} alxis[t ;d'bfon] ldn]sf ;femf Ph]08fdf ldn]/ n8\g] / gldn]sf Ph]08fdf klg Psn] csf]{sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;3fpg] gLlt lnPsf] v08df clxn]sf] gofF ;+ljwfgdf tL ;d'bfosf w]/}h;f] cu|ufdL / ;dfj]zL Ph]08fx? kfg{ ;Dej 5 . hghfltn] blntsf Ph]08fdf d}n] lsg af]Ng] eGg] ;f]r /fVg' ePg, blntn] ;+3Lotfsf Ph]08fdf d}n] lsg ;3fpg] eGg] b[li6sf]0f /fVg' ePg, blnt, hghflt / dw]zLn] dlxnfsf Ph]08fdf d}n] lsg d'v vf]Ng] eGg' ePg . oxL s'/f dhb'/, hf]tfxf ls;fg, dw]zL, d'l:nd, / cGo clt cNk;+Vossf Ph]08fdf klg nfu' x'G5 . alxis[t ;d'bfosf] dha't Pstf g} kl/0ffddf pgLx?sf] ;kmntfsf] ;'lglZrttf xf] .

laifout ;ldltn] cfcfˆgf] k|ltj]bg ;+ljwfg;efdf a'emfO;s]sf] l:yltdf oltv]/sf] P3f/fF}306] k|of;n] 5'6]sf ;a} s'/f gofF ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bfdf kfg{ w]/} ufx|f] x'g]5 . t/ clGtd 38Ldf klg gofF ;+ljwfgdf g;d]6L gx'g] blnt ;d'bfosf cfwf/e"t ;jfnx? s] x'g\ eGg] ;jfndf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] a]n}df Wofg hfcf];\ eGg] dfq of] sfo{kqsf] p2]Zo xf] .

pknlAwx?, bf]ifx?, 5'6]sf Ph]08fx?

df}lns clwsf/sf] ;"rLdf blntsf] nflu Aoj:yf

laifout ;ldltn] t}of/ kf/]sf] k|ltj]bgdf df}lns clwsf/sf] ;"rLdf s]xL /fd|f / cu|ufdL pknlAwx? xfl;n ePsf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu–

alxis/0fdf k/]sf ;a}nfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLtfsf] ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs M ;fdflhs ?kn] k5fl8 k/]sf dlxnf, blnt, dw]zL, hghflt, cNk;+Vos tyf ;LdfGtLs[t, d'l:nd, n}+lus tyf of}lgs cNk;+Vos ;d'bfo, ckfËtf ePsf AolQm, o'jf, lk58f au{, ls;fg / dhb'/ au{ tyf pTkLl8t If]qnfO{ ;dfg'kflts / ;dfj]zL l;WbfGtsf cfwf/df /fHosf] ;+/rgf / ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ;xeflutfsf] xs x'g] Aoj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . of] alxis/0fdf k/]sf ;a} ;d'bfosf] / vf; u/L blnt ;d'bfosf] ;dfg'kflts sf]6f jf cf/If0f ;DjGwL sfg'gL Aoj:yf nflu Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ / P]ltxfl;s dxTjsf] df}lns xs xf] lsgeg] of] xs jf:tjd} Aojxf/df cEof; x'g ;Sof] eg] blntx?n] /fHosf] s'g} klg ;+/rgf / ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf cfˆgf] hg;+Vofsf] cg'kftdf ;dfj]z x'g] clwsf/ /fV5g\ . /fHon] of] nfu' u/]g eg] /L6 bfo/ u/]/ eP klg o;sf] cEof; ug{ kfpF5g\ .

bf]if÷c:ki6tf÷5'6]sf] Ph]08f M

of] ;+j}wflgs Aoj:yfsf] bf]if / sdhf]/L of] b]lvG5 ls æ;fdflhs ?kn] k5fl8 k/]sf dlxnf, blnt, dw]zL, hghflt, cNk;+Vos tyf ;LdfGtLs[t, d'l:nd, n}+lus tyf of}lgs cNk;+Vos ;d'bfo, ckfËtf ePsf AolQm, o'jf, lk58f au{, ls;fg / dhb'/ au{ tyf pTkLl8t If]qnfO{ cfˆgf] hg;+Vofs]f cg'kftdf /fHosf] ;a} c+u, ;+/rgf / txdf ;dfg'kflts 9+un] ;dfj]zL x'g] xs x'g]5Æ eg]/ k|i6 / b'O{ cy{ gnfUg] efiffdf of] xssf] Aoj:yf ul/Psf] 5}g, h'g ul/g' cfjZos 5 . s]jn æ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;WbfGtsf cfwf/dfÆ /fHosf] ;+/rgf / ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ;xefuL x'g] elgPsf] 5 . o;sf] dgnfUbf] cy{ nfpg ;lsG5 . of] bf]if / c:ki6tf d:of}bf ;+ljwfg n]lvFbf ;RofOg' k5{ . o:tf] ug{sf nflu ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;WbfGtsf] k|i6 ;+j}wflgs kl/efiff gofF ;+ljwfgdf cfpg' h?/L 5 .

blntsf] nflu 5'jf5't / e]befj la?Wbsf] xs k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .

ca æblnt ;d'bfodfly hftkft / 5'jf5'tsf cfwf/df s'g} klg :yfgdf s'g} klg lsl;dsf] lae]b, cjx]ngf, c;lxi0f' Aojxf/ jf e]befjÆ gul/g] ;+j}wflgs Aoj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy;fy} o:tf] Aojxf/nfO{ ;fdflhs ck/fw dfg]/ sfg"gåf/f b08gLo x'g] / kLl8t AolQmnfO{ plrt Ifltk"lt{ lbg] Aoj:yf klg ul/Psf] 5 . blntx?sf] lglDt of] w]/} /fd|f] pknlAw xf] lsgls klxn] @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ;fj{hlgs :yndf dfq o:tf] e]befj / 5'jf5't gul/g] Aoj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . clxn] s'g} klg :yfgdf e]befj ug{ gkfOg] eg]/ If]q Aofks kfl/Psf] 5 . klxn] Ifltk"lt{sf] Aoj:yf lyPg, clxn] To;sf] ;d]t Aoj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

bf]if / 5'6]sf s'/f M blntlj?Wbsf] 5'jf5't / e]befjnfO{ ;fdflhs ck/fw dfq xf]Og, ;fdflhs tyf kmf}Hbf/L ck/fw agfOg' k5{ . o;sf] Ifltk"lt{ ;DjlGwt kIfn] ltg]{ ul/g'k5{ . vfln 5'jf5't / e]befj ug]{ dfq xf]Og, Tof] ePsf] b]v]/ klg r'knfUg], ;fIfL a:g] dflg; klg bl08t x'g'k5{ .

blnt ;d'bfonfO{ /fHo ;+oGqsf ;a} c+u, lgsfo / If]qdf Ifltk"lt{sf] Aoj:yf ;lxt ;dfj]zL ;dfg'kflts ;xeflutfsf] xs g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df klxnf] k6s df}lns xssf ?kdf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . Ifltk"lt{ sfg'gdf tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g] agfOPsf] 5 . k|ltj]bgsf] /fHo k'gM;+/rgf ;DjGwL cGo :yfgdf blntsf] nflu cfˆgf] hg;+VofeGbf ;+3Lo :t/df tLg k|ltzt Hofbf / k|b]z :t/df % k|ltzt Hofbf k|ltlglwTj ug{ kfOg] u/L Ifltk"lt{ lbg] Aoj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . of] blntsf] ;dfj]zLtfsf] xssf] ;DjGwdf xfl;n ePsf] P]ltxfl;s pknlAw xf] .
blnt ;d'bfonfO{ laz]if cj;/sf] xs M g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df klxnf] k6s lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/L / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf ;sf/fTds lae]bsf cfwf/df laz]if cj;/ k|fKt ug]{ xs klg k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} blnt ;d'bfonfO{ cfˆgf] k/Dk/fut k]zf, 1fg, ;Lk, / k|ljlwsf] k|of]u, ;+/If0f / ljsf;sf] nflu ljz]if cj;/ k|fKt ug{]{ xs klg k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . of] klg cu|ufdL pknlAw xf] .
blntsf] nflu 5'jf5't / e]befj la?Wbsf] xs k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .

@)$&;fnsf] ;+ljwfgdf æhfltkfltsf cfwf/dfÆ 5'jf5'tsf] e]befj gul/g] ;+j}wflgs Aoj:yf lyof], clxn] æhft, hflt, pTklQ, ;d'bfo, k]zf / zf/Ll/s cj:yfsf cfwf/dfÆ ;d]t s'g} k|sf/sf] 5'jf5't / e]befj gul/g]Æ ;+j}wflgs Aoj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] tfTko{, gofF ;+j}wflgs Aoj:yfn] blnt dfq xf]Og, hghflt, t]>f] ln+uL, / s'g} klg k]zfut ;d'bfolj?Wbsf] e]befjnfO{ klg cGt ug{ vf]h]sf] 5 . of] cu|ufdL pknlAw xf] .

blnt ;d'bfonfO{ /fHo ;+oGqsf ;a} c+u, lgsfo / If]qdf Ifltk"lt{sf] Aoj:yf ;lxt ;dfj]zL ;dfg'kflts ;xeflutfsf] xs g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df klxnf] k6s df}lns xssf ?kdf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . Ifltk"lt{ sfg'gdf tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g] agfOPsf] 5 . k|ltj]bgsf] /fHo k'gM;+/rgf ;DjGwL cGo :yfgdf blntsf] nflu cfˆgf] hg;+VofeGbf ;+3Lo :t/df tLg k|ltzt Hofbf / k|b]z :t/df % k|ltzt Hofbf k|ltlglwTj ug{ kfOg] u/L Ifltk"lt{ lbg] Aoj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . of] blntsf] ;dfj]zLtfsf] xssf] ;DjGwdf xfl;n ePsf] P]ltxfl;s pknlAw xf] .
blnt ;d'bfonfO{ laz]if cj;/sf] xs M g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df klxnf] k6s lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/L / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf ;sf/fTds lae]bsf cfwf/df laz]if cj;/ k|fKt ug]{ xs klg k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} blnt ;d'bfonfO{ cfˆgf] k/Dk/fut k]zf, 1fg, ;Lk, / k|ljlwsf] k|of]u, ;+/If0f / ljsf;sf] nflu ljz]if cj;/ k|fKt ug{]{ xs klg k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . of] klg cu|ufdL pknlAw xf] .

bf]if÷sdhf]/L M k/Gt'dfly plNnlvt ;sf/fTds lae]bsf cfwf/df laz]if cj;/ eg]sf] s]] xf] / k]zf, 1fg, ;Lk / k|ljlwsf] k|of]u, ;+/If0f / ljsf;sf] nflu ljz]if cj;/ eg]sf] s] xf] ;+ljwfgdf :ki6 / d"t{ agfOPsf] 5}g . :ki6 / d"t{ gePkl5 of] clwsf/ sfuhL dfq x'ghfG5 / h] klg cy{ nfpg ldNg] x'g hfG5 . of] bf]if d:of}bf ;+ljwfg n]lvFbf x6fOg' k5{ . o;sf nflu gofF ;+ljwfgdf ælaz]if cj;/Æ zAbsf] :ki6 kl/efiff ;dfj]z ul/g'k5{ .

;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs M x/]s gful/snfO{ /f]huf/L÷a]/f]huf/L eQf kfpg] xs, lgz'Ns cfwf/e"t lzIff k|fKt ug]{ xs, lgz'Ns cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jf kfpg] xs, cfjf;df kx'Frsf] xs, vfB j:t' kfpg] xs, :jR5 vfg]kfgL kfpg] tyf ;/;kmfO kfpg] xs, lakGg au{, a[Wba[Wbf, ckf+u, c;xfo, Psn dlxnf, afnaflnsf / nf]kf]Gd'v hfltsf gful/snfO{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff kfpg] xs df}lns xssf ?kdf Aoj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . of] Hofb} /fd|f] / cu|ufdL Aoj:yf xf] . lo df}lns xssf] ;'lglZrttfn] ;du|tfdf alxis/0fdf k/]sf ;d'bfosf] / laz]iftM blnt ;d'bfosf] hLjg:t/, z}lIfs :t/, ;DklQ / ;|f]tdf kx'Fr / zlQm sfkmL dfqfdf a9fOlbg ;S5 . of] ;fFRr} g} nfu' x'g;Sof] eg] g]kfn e":ju{ h:tf] x'g]5 .

bf]if / 5'6]sf] Ph]08f M t/ ;+3Lo /fHo k|0ffnLdf of] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;DjGwL ;f/f xs / ;]jf ;'lglZrt ug]{ lgsfo ;+3 / k|b]z x'g'kg]{x'G5 eg] of] ;]jf kfpg] k|fylds ;]jf s]Gb| :yfgLo :j;/sf/ cyf{t ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsf x'g'kg]{ x'G5 . of] s'/f df}lns xsdf k|i6 ?kdf /flvg' cfjZos 5 . t/ /flvPsf] 5}g . of] bf]if gofF ;+ljwfgdf x6fOg' k5{ .