Global Flight Safety Related Events, Jan-Apr, 2006
On account of the joint efforts by the aviation industry, all of our aircraft (excluding Ultra-light) have no fatal accident record for almost 3 years. In order to sustained this record and absorb lessen and learn from the global flight safety occurrence, the earlier we collect and analysis the events, the better we can initiate our preventive strategy to avert the happening of similar events.
FSF-T
C-5B accident site, April 3, 2006
- Forewords
The data and information of flight safety related event had been collected by FSF-T, it started from the Flight Safety Information (FSI), and then compare and complimented by Aviation Safety Network (ASN), finally, we contrast with the most credible database of NTSB, in which we only took their fatal accident and non-US events（due to too much events to collect it all, we did not count the non fatal and incidents）. Based on our civil aviation law, the definition of flight safety related event is including accident, major incident, minor incident and ground safety events. The distinction of major and minor incident, mainly by how close to the accident, it has to be identified by investigation authority, which is ASC (Aviation Safety Council) in our country. This report had been reviewed by the ASC, we sincerely appreciated, without ASC assist, this report would not be published. In order let you read this report as soon as possible, FSF-T had put the report on the website with the appendix of summaries of the flight safety related event, you won’t see the appendix in this paper, due to the FSQ has limited space for it.
On the statistics, we applied the method of descriptive statistics, list and mapping the relevant figures, in the sequence of month, flight phase, region, type of A/C, summary of flight safety related event coping with same A/C type of national aviation industry, IATA accident classification,and In-depth of analysis of events.On the analysis, follow the sequence to assess and suggest, and provide preventive strategy. Please take a look at FSF-T website, you will find the summaries of the flight safety related event all up there. In this report, you will read forewords, definitions, statistics, analysis and suggestion, and finally preventive strategy as following.
- Definitions
2.1Flight safety related event:Abide bythe item 21 of article 2 of Civil Aviation Act of the Republic of China.Flight safety related event means any occurrence of aircraft accident, aircraft serious incident, and aircraft incident incurred in operations of aircraft and the occurrence of ground safety events incurred in non-operations of aircraft.
2.2Aircraft Accident means an occurrence associated with the operation of aircraft which takes place between the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight until such time as all such persons have disembarked, in which a person, either within or without the aircraft, is fatally or seriously injured or the aircraft sustains substantial damage or structural failure, is missing or completely inaccessible.
2.3Aircraft serious incident: means an occurrence associated with the operation of aircraft which takes place between the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight until such time as all persons aboard have disembarked, which almost result in an accident.
2.4Aircraft incidentmeans an occurrence associated with the operation of aircraft which takes place between the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight until disembarkation of all those on board, other than what happen in the preceding two items
2.5Ground safety event: meansthe occurrence of ground safety events incurred in non-operations of aircraft.
2.6IATA Accident Classification: Including 5 categories as Human, Technical, Environment, Organization, and Insufficient. Each category has divided into more detail items, such as H1-H5, T1-T12, E1-8, O1-13, and I(Insufficient)【see annex 1 in IATA Safety Report 200481-83頁】。
2.7In-depth Analysis of Event: IncludingCFIT（Control Flight Into Terrain）, LOC（Lost Of Control）, Runway Incursion, Mid-air Collision, Runway Excursion, In-flight Damage & Injuries, Ground Damage & Injuries. The severity and possibility of the event comparison:
Event / Severity / PossibilityCFIT（Control Flight Into Terrain） / High / Low
LOC（Lost Of Control）
Runway Incursion
Mid-air Collision
Runway Excursion / Low / Middle
In-flight Damage & Injuries / Low (High) / High
Ground Damage & Injuries
Sources：IATA Safety Report 2004
2.8In-flight Damage/Injury: IATA does not classify serious injuries to passenger and crew from turbulence encounters under the Accident Classification Working Group’s mandate. However, this issue is addressed under cabin operation safety.
2.9Cabin Operation Safety: It is a component of an airline safety management programme that includes proactive data collection and the ensuring prevention activities regarding cabin design and operation, equipment, procedures, crew training, human performance, and passenger management. It also deals with all activities that cabin crews must accomplish during the commercial operation of an aircraft to maintain safety in the cabin, and contribute to the safe and efficient operation of the aircraft during normal, abnormal and emergency situations.
- Statistics
3.1In General:
389flight safety related events at the first 4 months of the year 2006. It includes 195 accidents, 62major incidents, 101minor incidents, and 31ground safety events (please see Figure 1).
Sources: FSF-Tstatistics, May 15, 2006
3.2Monthly：
2.1.1It involved 114 events in January, 94 events in February, 91 events in March, and 90 events in April (Please see Figure 2).
3.3Region：
3.4Phase of Flight：
There were 37 events on the Ground, 28 events while take-off, 28 events during climb, 185 events in cruising, 54 eventsat approach, 42 events on the landing phase, and 15 events while taxing. (See Figure 4).
3.5A/C Type:
Civilian fix-wing were 237 events (Passenger flight 213 events, Cargo flight 24 events) Civilian helicopter 46 events, military 40 events (Fix-win 26 events, and helicopter 14), and unknown 66 events (see Figure 5).
3.6IATA Classifications：
Human factor 148 events, technical115 events, environment35 events, organizational 56 events, and insufficient 35 events (see Figure 6):
3.7IATA In-depth analysis of events：
It includes in-flight damage/injury 127 events, CFIT 72 events, ground damage/injury 46 events, runway excursion 29 events, LOC18 events, runway incursion 8 events, mid-air collision 4 events, and the inefficient85 events (see Figure 7):
3.9Aviation Accident Statistics：
3.9.1Monthly：
There were 61 accidents in January, 44 in February, 51 in March and 39 in April, totally 195 events (see Figure 8):
Sources：FSF-Tstatistics, May 15, 2006
3.9.2 Flight Phase：
The phase of Cruising had 112 events, approach 44, take-off 19, during landing 14, climbing 5, taxing 1, and none on the ground. (See Figure 9):
3.9.3 Region：
North America had 116 accidents, European 26, Africa 15, South America 14, Oceania (Australia/ New Zealand) 11, Mid-East 7, and Asia 6 accidents. Please see Figure 10:
Figure 10: Statistics of Accident by region and nations
Region（events） / Nation / No. / Nation / No. / Nation / No. / Nation / No.North America
(116) / USA / 111 / Canada / 4 / Greenland / 1 / ---- / --
European
(26) / CIS / 6 / Spain / 4 / Germany / 2 / France / 2
Turkey / 2 / UK / 2 / Greek / 2 / Slovakia / 1
烏茲別克 / 1 / Demark / 1 / Norway / 1 / Romania / 1
烏克蘭 / 1 / ---- / -- / ---- / -- / ---- / --
Africa
(15) / Congo / 5 / 新幾內亞 / 2 / 奈米比亞 / 1 / S. Africa / 1
Kenya / 2 / Sudan / 1 / Libya / 1 / Djibouti / 1
1 / ---- / -- / ---- / -- / ---- / --
South America
(14) / 波利維亞 / 3 / Colombia / 2 / Venezuela / 2 / Ecuador / 1
Brazil / 1 / Nicaragua / 1 / Dominican / 1 / Mexico / 1
Argentina / 1 / Costa Rica / 1 / ---- / -- / ---- / --
Oceania (11) / Australia / 10 / New Zealand / 1 / ---- / -- / ---- / --
Mideast (7) / Iran / 2 / Pakistan / 2 / Iraq / 1 / 阿富汗 / 1
Unknown / 1 / ---- / -- / ---- / -- / ---- / --
Asia(6) / Korea / 2 / Philippines / 1 / Indonesia / 1 / Japan / 2
Sources：FSF-T compiled
3.9.4 A/C Type：
It divides into civil fix wing aircraft, civil helicopter, military, and insufficient. The civil fix-wing took 91 events, civil helicopter 39, military 34, and unknown 31 events. The statistics has shown on the Figure 11.
Figure 12: Contrast with national A/C
A/C type / Model/Number / National A/C / UnitCivil
Fix-wing / FK-50/1 / FK-50 / Mandarin Air
FK-70/1 / FK-100
DHC-8/1 / DHC-8 / Uni Air
Beech/14 / Beech-350 / CAA
Beechcraft -1900 / VIP SQ.
Civil
Helicopter / Bell-206/2 / Bell-206 / Emerald Pacific Airlines
Military / F-16/4 / F-16 / ROCAF
T-34C/1 / T-34
Sources：FSF-T Compiled
Figure 13：Flight Safety related Events coping with similar A/C in ROC
Date / Summary / Remarks0101 / Beech D55, N8165W, was substantially damaged while on approach to the DawsonMunicipalAirport (16J), Dawson, Georgia.The cloud layer descended to approximately 100 feet. 2 killed. / Approach(E1)
0102 / Beech 35-A33, impacted terrain under unknown circumstances about 10 miles north of Heber City, Utah. The non-instrument rated commercial pilot, the sole occupant, was fatally injured / CFIT
(H2)
0105 / Beech 95-B55, was destroyed upon impact with terrain while in cruise flight near Piedras Negras, State of Merida, in the Republic of Venezuela. The commercial pilot and his passenger were fatally injured. / Cruise
(H2)
0115 / Beech D-35 collided with Irazu Volcano in the vicinity of Tierra Blanca, Costa Rica. The private pilot and one passenger were fatally injured. / Cruise
(I)
0119 / Beech 58 was discovered inverted 3 nautical miles east of the NDB at McArthur River Mine, Australia, The pilot and passenger were fatally injured. / Approach(H2)
0203 / Beech 200, crashed while on final approach to runway 23, at the GrandStrandAirport, North Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. The pilot and five passengers received fatal injuries. / Approach(H2)
0222 / Beech 58P Baron, was destroyed after colliding with terrain subsequent to a reported power failure approximately two nautical miles south of Bow, Washington. The commercial pilot, the sole occupant of the airplane, was fatally injured. / CFIT
(H2)
0306 / Beech J35, sustained substantial damage on impact with a roadway embankment following a reported loss of engine power while on approach to runway 8 at the TulipCityAirport, near Holland, Michigan. The passenger in the rear seat sustained minor injuries. The pilot and pilot rated passenger in the front seat sustained serious injuries and were airlifted to a hospital. / Cruise
(T2)
0307 / Beech C24R (Sierra), was destroyed following a MAYDAY transmission by the pilot, and disappearance of the aircraft from radar approximately 10 nautical miles off the south-west Danish coast, near Ribe, Denmark. The pilot, the sole occupant of the airplane, was fatally injured. / Cruise
(H2)
0313 / Beech A36, ditched in the Pacific ocean following a loss of engine power during departure from Santa MonicaMunicipalAirport, Santa Monica, California. The pilot and one passenger sustained fatal injuries. / Climbing
(T2)
0317 / Beech 56TC was substantially damaged during a collision with terrain in Winfield, West Virginia. The certificated private pilot was fatally injured. / CFIT
(H2)
0318 / Beech C99, cargo flight, collided with trees and subsequently the terrain located approximately seven nautical miles southwest of the BertMooneyAirport, Butte, Montana. The pilot was fatally injured. / CFIT
(H2)
0321 / Beech C23 airplane, was substantially damaged when it impacted terrain shortly after departure from the Mena Intermountain Municipal Airport (KMEZ), near Mena, Arkansas. The commercial pilot sustained fatal injuries and the airline transport pilot rated passenger sustained minor injuries. / CFIT
(H2)
0103 / Fokker-70 with 85 people on board landed safely with landing gear doors had not closed properly at Arlanda, Stockholm. / In-flight damage (T3)
0214 / The SAS Fokker 50 sustained substantial damage when the main landing gear collapsed when the airplane was parked at the gate at Oslo-GardermoenAirport. The airplane was to carry out early morning flight SK2301 to Kristiansund (KSU), but the passengers had not boarded the flight yet. / Ground
(T3)
0321 / DHC-8 with 18 passengers on board had to return Newcastle airport, after a smoke detector signal was activated. / In-flight damage (T12)
0202 / Bell 206L-1 was destroyed during impact with trees, wires, and residential structures while maneuvering near Chesterfield, Indiana. The emergency medical service (EMS) flight was dispatched to pickup a patient at the St. JosephHospital, Kokomo, Indiana. The pilot, flight nurse, and paramedic were seriously injured. / CFIT
(H2)
0314 / Bell 206L-1 was destroyed when it impacted terrain during a forced landing following a loss of engine power near Patterson, Louisiana. The commercial pilot and one passenger were fatally injured and the two remaining passengers sustained minor injuries. / In-flight damage
(T2)
0127 / South Korea F-16 during a training mission, crashed near Seoson, 100 Km south to Soul, the pilot ejected and got only minor injuries. / Training
(I)
0130 / Turkish F-16 crashed over Diar Bakrdistrict during a routine exercise, managed to parachute safely. / Exercise
(I)
0314 / US F-16 crashed into the west sea during a routine training mission, off Kunsan, 260 km south of Soul. The pilot safely ejected and rescued by the Korean Air Force. / Training
(I)
0330 / US F-16 crashed in Toole county, as the pilot was conducting a close-air support training mission; The pilot ejected safely and is being recovered. / Training
(I)
0127 / US T-34C went down near a Corpus Christi, a trainee pilot and an instructor pilot was killed. / Training
(I)
Sources：FSF-T Compiled
3.9.5 Contributing factor:
Human 123 events, technical 31 events, environment 10 events, organizational3 events, and insufficient28 events (Figure 14):
3.9.6 In-depth Analysis:
Based on IATA in-depth analysis of event, it involves CFIT (Control Flight Into Terrain) 69 events, In-flight Damage/Injuries 51 events, LOC 18 events, Runway Excursion 1 event, Midair Collision 4 events, Runway Incursion 1 event, Ground Damage/Injuries 2 events, and Insufficient37 events (Figure 15):
3.9.7Fatality/Injuries & Survival Rate:
7.1.1Fatalities were 397, and survival 290 (Injuries 109 and save 181), average survival rate is 0.42 (Figure 16).
Figure 16: Number of injuries and the rate of survival
Region / Death / Injuries / Save / Survival / Survival RateMid-East / 22 / 2 / 38 / 40 / 0.65
Australia & NZ / 22 / 2 / 12 / 14 / 0.64
South America / 64 / 0 / 70 / 70 / 0.52
Asia / 4 / 0 / 3 / 3 / 0.43
North America / 137 / 62 / 22 / 84 / 0.38
Africa / 57 / 13 / 18 / 31 / 0.35
Europe / 91 / 30 / 18 / 48 / 0.35
Subtotal / 397 / 109 / 181 / 290 / Average
Totally / 687 / 0.42
Sources：FSF-T Compiled
- Analysis and comments
4.1In general, there were 389flight safety related event totally in the period of January to April 2006. In the flight safety related events, as we can see aircraft accident 195 events (50.1%) had more than half of the total events, In monthly, January 114 events (29.3%); In phase of flight, cruise phase took 185 events (47.6%); In region concern, North America had 238 events (61.2%); In A/C type, fix-wing airplane 257 events (60.9%); In possible contributing factor, human factor 148 events (38%); in-depth analysis of event, in-flight damage/injury 127 events (32.7%).
4.2In monthly: 389 flight safety related events, monthly average is 97.3events, and daily average is 3.24events.As the Figure 1 had shown that it seems a decline trends, due to the duration of statistics is too short, to ascertain the tendency, the effect of the month and season still need loner time for survey.
4.3N phase of flight: cruise phase had 185 events (47.6%), very close to the half of the total flight safety related events. In other words, the cruising phase is the initial phase of flight events (excluding ground safety events), and the highest possibility of accident and incident phase. In this phase, flight crew would encounter most of the threats, such as weather,terrain, aircraft malfunction, ATC, other aircraft, birds, bomb threat or unruly passengers, hijack etc., FSF-T suggested that flight crew apply the TEM (Threat and Error Management)Model, in this context, FSF-T has sponsored members to participate IATA TEM training since 2004, for cultivating instructors. In order to expand the training objects, FSF-T started first experimental class for local trainees, 100% 0f the trainee who demand that FSF-T should continue TEM course domestically. Thus, we do both in this year, on one hand, we sponsor IATA training during June 6-9, and continue the local TEM training with CAA in September. Including helicopter TEM training respectively. In addition, the airline frontline employees,maintenance and ground service person in particular, their capability and spirit of proficiency is one of the key factor to reduce accident and incident in the cruising phase.
4.4In Region: North America region had 238 events is taking the lead, they are USA, Canada and Greenland being included. In which USA had most of them it took 111 events of the total flight safety related events. However, USA has the largest number of aircraft, and the highest transparency of flight information in the world, as far as the flight safety is concerned, FSF-T believed that the problem would be management what if the accident were cause by foreign aircraft, as we all know that USA has well management system, in the statistics of this report, most of the aircraft involved in flight safety related events were US aircraft, clearly the problem is crew training. In other words, some of the pilot have been trained in this region would not be the best in the world. FSF-T suggested that national airline to cultivate or recruit new pilot, may select the training school located at the lowest accident rate region or the pilot being trained by well known training school.
4.5In A/C type: Fix-wing A/C had 237 events (60.9%) in which Cessna took the lead, and Beechwas the second, we have a Beech-1900 fleet in military, and one Beech-350 belongs to CAA. In addition, the national airplane similar to the A/C of flight safety related events are F-16 and T-34 fleet. FSF-T suggested that not only taking close look at the figure 13, to follow up the contributing factor also, and read the preventive strategy in this report for your reference of improving flight safety measures.
4.6Contributing Factor: Human factor involved 148 events, 38.04% of the total flight safety related event. In aircraft accident, it had 123 events (63%),
4.7In-depth analysis of event: 127 events of in-flight damage/injury are about 32.6% of the total flight safety related event. In the in-flight damage/injury, aircraft accident had 44 events and 43 incidents took 68.5% in which CFIT had 69 events are more than 51 events of in-flight damage/injury (See Figure 15). In addition, 54technical events (50%) in which mostly are the engine malfunction. FSF-T had conducted maintenanceresources management course with CAA, and invited Dr. William Rankin, specialist of FAA aviation safety office, who will hold a two days MRM seminar, you are welcomed free of charge to participate this seminar.