Supplementary information: Potential role of botanic garden collections in predicting hosts at risk globally from invasive pests: a case study using Scirtothrips dorsalis, Journal of Pest Science, Scott-Brown AS, Hodgetts J, Hall J, Simmonds MJS, Collins DW. Correspondence author:Scott-Brown AS, RBG Kew,
Table S1. Species of plants from among the Palm House collections susceptible to Scirtothrips dorsalis
Family / Genus / Speciesa / Kew accession no.b / Thrips life stagec / Geographical Range/ example recorded usesAcanthaceae / Crossandra / infundibuliformis (L.) Nees / 1992-1498
(PH7) / 5 adult
5 immature
(A, L1) / Tropical Africa, India, Sri Lanka
Tropical evergreen shrub.
Ornamental value(RHS 2016)
Medicinal, anti microbial activity (Madhumitha and Saral 2011)**
Crossandra / massaica Mildbr. / 1969-10253
(PH16) / <5 adult
<5 immature
(A, L1) / Tropical East Africa
Tender evergreen, Pale orange flowers present.
Traditional medicine (Geissler et al. 2002)**
Fittonia / albivenis (Lindl. Ex Veitch) Brummitt ‘Argyroneura’ / 1997-4939
(PH7) / <5 adult
5 immature
(L1) / Tropical South America
Perennial evergreen
Ornamental plant (Brummitt 1979; Llamas 2003; GRIN 2017)
Traditional medicine**
Justicia / extensa T. Anderson / 1973-13016
(PH16) / 5 adult
(A) / Tropical West Africa
Perennial evergreen
Traditional medicine (Sowemimo et al. 2011)**
Thunbergia / erecta (Benth.) T. Anderson / 1934-75402
(PH17) / <5 adult
<5 immature / Tropical West Africa
Vine, perennial evergreen
Ornamental plant (GRIN 2017)
Traditional medicine**
Thunbergia / vogeliana Benth. / 1969-51833
(PH17) / <5 adult
(A) / Tropical West Africa
Climber tender.
Sanchezia / nobilis Hook.f. / 1973-12008
(PH7) / <5 immature
(L2) / Tropical South and Central America
Shrub, perennial evergreen.
Strobilanthes / maculatus (Wall. ex Nees) T. Anders. / 1981-5136
(PH3) / <5 adult
<5 immature
(A, L1) / India, South East Asia.
Shrub, perennial evergreen.
Odontonema / tubaeforme (Bertol.) Kuntze / 1996-4674
(PH12) / >5 adult
<5 immature
(A, L1) / Central and south America
Subtropical evergreen shrub.
Amaryllidaceae / Crinum / purpurascens Herb. / 1990-2297
(PH16) / <5 immature
(L2) / Tropical West and Central Africa
Herbaceous low growing plant.
Medicinal uses** anti-bacterial properties (Nkanwen, 2009)
Annonaceae / Friesodielsia / obovata (Benth.) Verdc. / 1970-2451
(PH15) / >10 adult
5 immature
(A, L1, L2) / East and Central tropical Africa
Evergreen tender
Reported anti-plasmodial activity (Joseph et al. 2007).
Edible (Facciola 1998; Ruffo et al 2002), traditional medicine and structural uses (Ruffo et al. 2002)**
Traditional veterinarian uses (Chinsembu et al, 2014).
Apocynaceae / Allamanda / cathartica L. subsp. Hendersonii / 1992-4182
(PH14) / <5 immature
(L1) / Central and south America
Subtropical evergreen shrub.
Traditional medicine**
Plumeria / rubra L. / 1960-22102
(PH5) / >10 adult
>10 immature
(A, L1, L2) / Central and South America
Tropical tree, decidous (Frangipani)
Traditional medicine**, bioactivity (Kuete et al 2011), anti-microbial, edible (Facciola1998), ornamental plant (Huxley 1992; Stevens et al 2001,), essential oils Whistler 2000), Anti-microbial activity (Akhtar et al 1994).
Tabernaemontana / divaricata (L.) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult. / 1952-50401
(PH3) / <5 adult / Himalaya, East India
Evergreen subtropical
Traditional medicine India (Jain, 2013)**
White flowers present.
Araceae / Dieffenbachia / seguine (Jacq.) Schott ‘Compacta’ / 2000-775
(PH2) / 5 adult
(A) / Central and South America
Tropical herbaceous perennial
Ornamental plant (Missouri Botanic Garden, 2016)
Traditional medicine**
Araliaceae / Polyscias / ornifolia (Baker) Harms / 2010-528
(PH17) / <5 immature
(L1, L2) / Tropical East Africa, Madagascar
Tree, local light structural use of timber (PROTA 2015)
Arecaceae / Licuala / grandis H.Wendl. ex. Linden / 1988-1354
(PH3) / <5 adult
(A) / Vanuatu
Vanuatu fan palm.
Iguanura / geonomiformis Griff. ex Mart. / 1985-1491 / <5 adult / Thailand, Malaysia
Understory palm
Edible fruit (Lee and Gibot 1986)
Traditional medicine**
Bignoniaceae / Markhamia / zanzibarica (Bojer ex DC.) K. Schum. / 1956-25304
(PH16) / <5 adult / Tropical East Africa
Tree, evergreen,
Traditional medicine** and structural uses Anti-plasmodial activity (Adebajo et al 2012)
Stereospermum / nematocarpum DC. / 1990-2276
(PH17) / >5 adult
>5 immature / Madagascar,
Vine.
Tecoma / fulva subsp. arequipensis (Sprague) J.R.I.Wood / 1977-1591
(PH5) / >10 adult
10 immature
(A, L1, L2) / Bolivia Peru
Tree.
Boraginaceae / Ehretia / cymosa Thonn. var. cymosa / 1959-65115
(PH16) / 50 adult
>10 immature
(A, L1, L2) / Tropical Africa
Small to medium tree
evergreen tender
Edible fruit, traditional medicine (Lewis and Avioli 1991, PROTA 2015, Burkill 1985-2004)**
Wood used for tool handles (Burkill 1985-2004, PROTA 2015).
Capparaceae / Capparis / sp. / 1993-467
(PH16) / <5 adult
<5 immature
(A, L1) / Tropical shrub
Capparis / erythrocarpos Isert / 1945-18901
(PH16) / >10 adult
>10 immature
(A, L1, L2) / Tropical S.&E. Africa
Tropical evergreen
Anti-inflammatory (Woode et al 2009)
Traditional medicine**
Euadenia / eminens Hook. f. / 1979-3350
(PH17)
ENTOBAR2330 / >10 adult
5 immature
(A, L1, L2)
Adult female* / Cameroon, Zaire
Small tree. Evergreen tender,
Traditional medicine (PROTA 2015)**, reported anti-inflammatory properties (Dickenson et al 2012)
Caricaceae / Carica / papayaL. / 2003-3581
(PH5) / 5 immature
(L1) / Native to tropical America, widely cultivated in Asia, Australia, Polynesia, America,
Nutritional food, Traditional medicine (Choudhury et al, 2015)**. Antimicrobial (Teinkela et al 2016)
Red flowers present.
Celastraceae / Brexia / madagascariensis (Lam.) Thouars ex Ker Gawl. / 1957-14901
(PH15) / 5 adult
(A) / Madagascar
Evergreen shrub
Food, traditional medicine**, wood for tools, fuel (Ruffo et al 2002)
Clusiaceae / Garcinia / livingstonei T. Anderson / 1936-39301
(PH5) / <5 adult / Tropical Africa
Tropical evergreen
African mangosteen
Culinary (Lonrenzi et al 2000; Burkill, 1985-2004), medicinal (Nciki et al 2016)** and industrial uses.
Combretaceae / Terminalia / mantaly H. Perrier / 2009-259
(PH17) / <5 adult
<5 immature
(A, L1, L2) / Madagascar, E. Africa
Evergreen perennial tender
Uses in dyeing, traditional medicine**.
Terminalia / boivinii Tul. / 1978-1129
(PH17) / <5 adult
<5 immature / Madagascar
Tropical evergreen, shrub or tree
Terminalia / neotaliala Capuron / 2007-1593
(PH16) / <5 adult
<5 immature
(A, L1) / Madagascar
Tropical tree.
Commelinaceae / Palisota / mannii C.B. Clarke / 1990-2301
(PH16) / >5 adult
(A) / Tropical Africa
Rainforest herb
Dioscoraceae / Dioscorea / alata L. / 1982-1316
(PH15) / >10 adult
>5 immature
(A, L1) / South Sea Islands, India, widely cultivated
Sub-tropical climber
Purple yam
Food (Wu et al, 2016; Crop Wild Relative Inventory, 2016), traditional medicine (Dey et al, 2016)**.
Euphorbiaceae / Acalypha / chamaedrifolia (Lam.) Muell. Arg. / 1998-1936
(PH6) / <5 adult / Caribbean.
Tropical shrub
Ornamental and medicinal (Adesina et al 2000; Mabberley 2008; Onocha et al 2011; Quattrocchi 2012)**
Acalypha / macrostachya Jacq. / 1969-12680
(PH10) / <5 adult
<5 immature / Central, South America
Perennial evergreen.
Traditional medicine**
Gnetaceae / Gnetum / costatum K. Schum.
(cat. least concern) / 1964-47701
(PH3) / <5 adult
(A) / Papua New Guinea to Solomon Islands
Dioecious tree, evergreen tender
Fruits, leaves and inflorescences are eaten (PROSEA, 2016). Inner bark fibers used for string bags ‘bilum’. Traditional medicine**
Hypericaceae / Psorospermum / sp. / 2007-2184
(PH16) / >5 adult
<5 immature
(A, L1) / Tropical South America, Africa and Madagascar
Small trees.
Reported anti-fungal, antibacterial properties (Epifano et al 2013).
Iridaceae / Trimezia / lutea (Klatt) R.C. Foster / 1983-2038
(PH7) / <5 immature
(L1) / Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil
Evergreen, perennial
Lamiaceae / Clerodendrum / myricoides (Hochst.)R.Br. ex Vatke / 1969-17698
(PH15)
ENTOBAR1889 / >10 adult
10 immature
(A, L1, L2)
Larva* / Tropical East Africa
Tender shrub
Anti-plasmodial properties (Muthaura et al 2015)
Traditional medicine**
Lecythidaceae / Barringtonia / racemosa (L.) Spreng. / 1986-4897
(PH11) / >5 adult
>5 immature / East Africa to W. Pacific
Small tree
Timber used for low strength construction (Kaume 2005), leaves provide vegetable, medicinal uses Africa and Malaysia (Kaume 2005, Behbahani et al 2007, Mmushi et al 2010)**, insecticide uses and fish poison (Kaume 2005).
Napoleonaea / vogelii Hook. & Planch. / 1963-40701 / >5 adult
>5 immature
(L2) / Tropical West Africa
Woody evergreen shrub.
Culinary/stimulant (Uphof 1959,Burkill 2004, Barwick 2004). Traditional medicine**
Leguminosae-Mimosoideae / Mimosa / pudica L. / 1974-1025
(PH3) / <5 adult
<5 immature
(A, L1,) / Central America, now pantropical invasive weed
Tropical perennial herb
Traditional medicine**, bioactivity (Gunawardhana et al 2015; Tunna et al 2015; Muhammad et al 2016)
Leguminosae-Papilionoideae / Clitoria / javitensis Kunth / 1969.51730
(PH7) / 5 adult
5 immature / Tropical South and Central America
Lianas, tall shrub growing in forest areas.
Traditional medicine**.
Lythraceae / Lawsonia / inermis L. / 1997-5263
(PH15) / >5 adult
>5 immature
(A, L1, L2) / North Africa to Australia
Subtropical evergreen
Henna and traditional dyes (Flora Zambesiaca 2004).
Traditional medicine, medicinal properties (Afolayan et al 2016; da Silva and Ferreira, 2016) anti-fungal (Rahmoun et al, 2013)**
Malpighiaceae / Malpighia / glabra L. / 1917-23701
(PH10) / <5 adult
<5 immature / South America, Caribbean
Tree, evergreen, tender
Widely cultivated in tropics;
Fruit has high levels of vitamin C (Horta et al 2016), medicinal uses**
Small white flowers present.
Malvaceae / Ceiba / pentandra (L.) Gaertn. / 2010-1705
(PH 7) / >5 adult
(A) / South, Central America and Caribbean
Tropical tree
Kapok fibers used as a stuffing material, seed oil culinary uses, and bark extracts traditional medicine** and cytoactivity (Kumar et al 2016).
Hibiscus / arnottianus A.Gray subsp. Arnottianus / 1985-681
(PH5) / <5 adult
(A) / Hawaii
Shrub or small tree,
Ornamental, evergreen sub-tropical.
Hibiscus / liliiflorus Cav.
(cat. endangered) / 1986-2954
(PH 15) / <5 immature
(L1, L2) / Rodrigues, Réunion
Ornamental, sub-tropical, shrub.
Medicinal uses (Gurib-Fakim & Brendler 2004)**.
Lebronnecia / kokioides Fosberg.
(IUCN cat. endangered) / 1984-28
(PH 5) / 5 adult
5 immature
(A) / Marquesas Islands
Subtropical small tree.
Trilepisium / madagascariense D.C. / 2009-247
PH17
ENTOBAR2332 / >5 adult
(A)
Adult female* / Madagascar
Edible fruit (Ruffo et al, 2002) seed (Ude et al 2002), natural dye (Uphof 1959)
Traditional medicine (Ruffo et al 2002) Anti-microbial (Ango et al 2012)**
Melastomataceae / Heterotis / rotundifolia (Sm.) Jacq.-Fél. / 1983-1967
(PH17) / >5 adult
<5 immature
(A, L1) / Tropical Africa
Tropical evergreen herb/shrub.
Traditional medicine (PROTA 2015)
Anti-microbial (Abere et al 2010)**
Meliaceae / Trichilia / havanensis Jacq. / 1973-12655
(PH7) / >5 adult
<5 immature
(A, L1, L2) / West Indies, Central America
Tropical evergreen.
Traditional medicine (Standley 1946-76)**
Insect anti-feedant (Caballero, 2008), anti-plasmodial activity (Castro et al 1996)
Turraea / floribunda Hochst. / 1962-3305
(PH16) / <5 adult
<5 immature
(A, L1) / South & East Africa
Tropical deciduous.
Traditional medicine and anti-plasmodial activity (Moyo et al 2016)**
Moraceae / Ficus / exasperata Vahl. / 2005-1379
(PH16) / <5 adult
(A) / Central, E. and W. Africa, N. Yemen, Southern Asian, Yemen.
Tropical deciduous and dioecious
Traditional medicine (Shinkafi et al 2015)**, anti-imflamatory (Abotsi et al 2010), ethno-veterinarian uses (Nweze, 2013)
Ficus / lingua De Wild. T. Durrand / 1987-2681
(PH15) / <5 adult
<5 immature
(L2) / West and Central Africa
Tropical evergreen climbing shrub,
Fibers used for cloth, ornamental and shade (PROTA 2015)
Traditional medicine**
Oleaceae / Jasminum / sambac (L.) Aiton / 1969-13982
(PH15) / <5 adult
<5 immature
(A,L2) / Eastern Himalayas, Pakistan, India and Bhutan,
Tropical shrub, vine
Essential oil for fragrances (Ye et al 2015)
Widely used as ornamental and spiritual offering throughout Asia. Jasmine tea (Hu 2003), Anti-oxidant (Khidzir et al 2015), anti-inflammatory (Sengar et al 2015)**
Phyllanthaceae / Breynia / disticha J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. / 1973-12222
(PH4)
ENTOBAR1893 / >5 adult
>5 immature
(A, L1, L2)
Larva* / Vanuatu, New Caledonia
Tropical evergreen shrub
Ornamental (Whistler 2000)
Traditional medicine**
Pittosporaceae / Pittosporum / senacia subsp. pervillei (Blume) Cufod. / 2009-3667
(PH16) / <5 adult
(A) / Madagascar
Sub-tropical perennial evergreen
Traditional medicinal uses**
Primulaceae / Ardisia / compressa Kunth / 1969-13983
(PH 14) / <5 immature
(L1) / Central America
Evergreen tender shrub
Medicinal uses (Kobayashi and de Mejia, 2005; Newell et al 2010)**
Embelia / procumbens Hemsl. / 2008-394
(PH15) / >5 adult
(A) / Madagascar
Tropical low-creeping shrub
Traditional medicine**
Lysimachia / ruhmeriana Vatke / 2008-2258
(PH15) / >5 adult
>5 immature
(A, L1, L2) / Madagascar, tropical Africa
Small perennial shrub
Medicinal uses (Burkill 1985)**
Rubiaceae / Bremeria / pervillei (Wernham) Razafim. & Alejandro / 2007-1666
(PH 16) / <5 adult
<5 immature
(A, L2) / Madagascar
Shrub or tree
Traditional medicine**
Gardenia / thunbergia L.f. / 1961-29703
(PH15) / >5 adult
>5 immature / South and East Africa
Evergreen shrub or small tree
Traditional medicinal uses (PlantZAfrica 2016)**
Molluscicidal activity (Clark and Appleton1997)
Gardenia / jasminoides (L.) J.Ellis / 1953-22305
(PH17) / <5 adult
(A) / China
Evergreen subtropical shrub
Widely grown in warm temperate gardens
Flavouring tea (Facciola, 1998), food colour (Uphof 1959), Traditional medicine**, angiogenic properties (Im et al 2016)
Mitriostigma / axillaris Hochst / 1973-21355
(PH15) / <5 adult
(A) / South Africa, Mozambique
Small tree, shrub.
Ornamental (PlantZAfrica 2016)
White flowers present.
Pavetta / revoluta Hochst. / 1969-51879
(PH17) / <5 adult
(A) / South Africa, Natal
Evergreen shrub
Ornamental (PlantZAfrica 2016)
Traditional medicine**
Ramosmania / rodriguesi Tirveng.
(IUCN cat. Critically endangered) / 1986-2514
(PH17) / >5 adult
<5 immature / Rodrigues
Evergreen tropical
‘Café Marron’ wild Rodriguan coffee,
Traditional medicine (Gurib-Fakim and Brendler 2004)**
Catunaregam / spinosa(Thunb.) Tirveng / 2000-3263
(PH2) / <5 adult
(A) / Indo-China
Tropical evergreen small tree or shrub.
Culinary uses (Uphof 1959), traditional medicine**
Insect anti-feedant activity (Gao et al 2011)
Ethno-veterinary uses (Ndhlovu and Masika 2013)
Tarenna / alpestris (Wight) N.P.Balakr. / 1986-4905
(PH4) / >5 adult / India
Tropical evergreen small tree or shrub.
Traditional medicine**
Tarenna / alleizettei (Dubard & Dop) De Block / 2007-2189
(PH16) / >5 immature
(L1) / Madagascar
Shrub.
Traditional medicine**
Rutaceae / Almeidea / rubra A. St.-Hil. / 1904-39101
(PH10) / <5 adult / Brazil
Evergreen tender.
Anti-parasitic activity (Ambrozin et al 2005)
Murraya / koenigii (L.) Spreng. / 1969-13995
(PH4) / >5 immature
(L1) / Culinary use (Verma et al 2013)
Medicinal (Pandey2014, Perera et al 2016)
Anti-plasmodial (Kamaraj et al 2014)**
Salicaceae / Oncoba / spinosa Forssk. / 1949-63701
(PH17)
ENTOBAR1892 / >50 adults
>50 immature
(A, L1, L2)
Larva* / Tropical and South Africa, Western Arabia
Evergreen tree.
Edible, traditional medicine in Africa (Burkill 1985-2004; Facciola, 1998)**
Vitaceae / Leea / guineensis G. Don / 1966-1702
(PH15) / <5 adult
(A) / West Africa, Mascarene Islands, India, Burma, Thailand, Indochina, Indonesia, Taiwan,
Tropical perennial evergreen shrub or small tree
Traditional medicine (Falodun et al 2007; Woode et al 2011)**.
a In parenthesis; the status of species as listed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-2.
b Kew accession code. Location of plants sampled are recorded as Palm House (PH) bed number.
CS. dorsalis life stage present: in parenthesis, presence of life stages as verified from slide mounted specimens by DWC (A = adult, L1= first-instar larva, L2=second-instar larva); absence of parenthesis, presence ofS. dorsalisconfirmed by ASB using a low power microscope without retention of slide-mounted specimens.
* Specimen subject of DNA sequence analysis: life stage and unique specimen identifier (ENTOBAR reference, Fera, UK).
** Plant Uses referenced in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Medicinal Plant Uses database V 6.0;
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