Name: ______Date: ______Period: ______

Georgia Milestone (Study Guide):

Sedimentary Rocks:

  1. What causes sedimentary rocks to form? ______, ______, ______, ______, ______.
  2. Name the (3) types of sedimentary rocks? ______, ______, ______.
  3. Almost all fossils are found in ______rocks.

Igneous Rocks:

  1. What causes igneous rocks to form? Cooling and ______.
  2. Igneous rocks are either extrusive, which means they arefound on the ______of the Earth.
  3. Igneous rocks can also be intrusive, which means they are found ______the earth.

Metamorphic Rocks:

  1. Metamorphic rocks form from heat and ______.
  2. Foliated metamorphic rocks have parallel ______.
  3. Non-foliated metamorphic rocks pattern are ______.

Moh’s Hardness Scale:

  1. Name the (7) ways to identify a mineral: ______, ______, ______, ______, ______, ______, ______.
  2. Three things used to test the hardest of a mineral are: ______, ______, ______
  3. The softest mineral is ______. The hardest mineral is ______.

Classifications of Rocks:

  1. ______caused by heat and pressure. They are either ______or non- foliated.
  2. ______caused by cooling and melting. They can be ______or extrusive.
  3. ______are the most common rock found on the Earth’s surface. Most fossils are found in this rock.

Scientific Theory:

  1. Geocentric theory= the ______is at the center of the universe and everything revolves around it.
  2. ______theory = the sun is at the center of the universe and everything revolves around it.
  3. Big Bang theory= a huge ______causes the universe and everything in it.

Branches of Earth Science:

  1. Name the 5 branches: ______, ______, ______, ______, ______.
  2. Geologists study ______, Astronomers is study ______, the weather is called ______, and someone that studies the ocean is called an ______,

Volcanologists study ______.

Weathering

  1. What is erosion?______.
  2. The two types of weathering are______and ______.
  3. What determines the rate of weathering? ______.

Soil

  1. What is soil? ______.
  2. What is fertility? ______.
  3. What is loam? ______.
  4. What is humus? ______.
  5. Name the different soil horizons? ______

______.

Soil Conservation

  1. What is soil conservation? ______.
  2. What are natural resources? ______.
  3. What is contour plowing? ______.
  4. What is crop rotation? ______.
  5. Terrace plowing is when you plow and plant on a hill where it looks like ______.

Earth’s Interior

  1. Name the four layers of the Earth? ______, ______, ______core, ______core.
  2. The deeper you go in the Earth the more dense it is and ______it gets.
  3. The mantle has 3 layers in it called the ______, ______, ______.
  4. The Earth’s crust is made up of the rock ______.
  5. The ocean is made up of the rock______.
  6. The outer core is made of ______iron and metal.
  7. The inner core is made up of a dense solid ball of ______.

Convection Currents and the Mantle

  1. Name and the three types of heat radiation, ______, ______.
  2. What are convection currents? ______.
  3. Convection currents make the lithosphere plate’s move and cause ______.
  4. Conduction is heat that is transferred from one object to ______.

Drifting Continents

  1. What is the theory of continental drift theory? ______

______.

  1. Who developed the theory? Alfred ______
  2. What is Pangaea? A ______.

Sea Floor Spreading

  1. What are mid ocean ridges? ______.
  2. Sea floor spreading happens at ______boundaries.
  3. This adds new ocean ______.

The Theory of Plate Tectonics

  1. ______currents cause tectonic plates move.
  2. These currents are found in the ______.
  3. Name the three types of boundaries ______, ______, and transform.

The Water Cycle

  1. Name all (7) steps of the water cycle. ______, ______, ______, ______, ______, ______, ______.
  2. The ______drives and powers the water cycle.

Distribution of Earth’s Water

  1. Most of Earth’s water is found in the ______.
  2. What percentage is this? ______or 3/4
  3. What percent of water is fresh? ______. Most of this freshwater is not useable because it is frozen in ______or ice caps.
  4. Name the 5 main oceans: ______, ______, ______, ______, ______.

Using Freshwater Resources

  1. Name four ways people use water ______,______, transportation, and recreation
  2. Conserving water important because we only have ______% that is fresh and most is frozen at the poles.
  3. Name three ways to conserve water reduce using it, ______it, and reuse it.

Ocean Floor Topography

  1. Name the parts of the ocean floor: continental shelf, continental ______, abyssal plain, mid ______ridge, and the ______.
  2. The flat part of the beach shoreline is called the ______shelf.
  3. The deep slope on the ocean ______is the ______slope.
  4. The flattest part of the ocean floor is called the ______plain.

Wave Action

  1. Name the parts of a wave: ______, ______, ______, and the ______.
  2. The harder the wind ______and long it blows the bigger and higher the ______.
  3. The top of a wave is called the ______and the bottom of a wave is called the ______.

How waves affect the shore

  1. What is a tsunami? ______.
  2. A ______or ______can cause a tsunami.

Tides

  1. ______and the ______cause of tides.
  2. Spring tides occur when the sun, earth and ______are in a straight line.
  3. Spring tides have the highest ______tide and lowest ______tide, of the year.
  4. Neap tides occur when the sun, earth and moon are at a ______angle.
  5. Neap tides have the lowest ______tide, but the highest ______tide.

Weather

  1. Define weather? ______.
  2. Define climate? ______.
  3. How are they different? ______.
  4. In what part of the atmosphere does weather occur? ______.

Humidity

  1. What is humidity? ______.
  2. What is relative humidity? ______.

Precipitation

  1. Define precipitation: ______.
  2. Name the 4 types of precipitation: ______, ______, ______, ______.

Air Masses

  1. Name the four types of air masses that influence the weather of North America: ______,

______, ______, ______.

  1. Which one mainly affects us in South Georgia? ______.

Fronts

  1. Colliding air masses can form four types of fronts: ______, ______

______, ______.

  1. What type of front is most likely to be responsible for several days of rain? ______
  2. What is a cyclone? ______.
  3. What is another name for them? ______.

Storms

  1. What are thunderstorms and what type of clouds do they form from? ______

______.

  1. They are also known as? ______.
  2. How do thunderstorms form? ______.
  3. What is a tornadoes alley? ______

______.

Hurricanes

  1. What are hurricanes and what causes them to form? ______

______.

  1. Where do they occur? ______.
  2. Hurricanes need ______ocean water to power.
  3. Are hurricanes worst than tornadoes? Yes or no
  4. What is a storm surge?______.

Space

  1. Asteroids are made up of______, iron and irony substances.
  2. The majority of known asteroids orbit within the main asteroid ______between the orbits of ______and ______and revolve around the sun.
  3. ______are made up of ice,dust, and small rocky particles whose orbit is usually very ______, narrow ellispe.
  4. Most comets have ______tails a gas tail and a ______tail.
  5. These tails usually point away from the ______.
  6. Know the parts of a comet: coma, ______, tail gas and a ______tail.

Meteor

  1. A meteoroidis a ______- to boulder-sized particle of debris in the Solar System.
  2. The visible path of a meteoroid that enters Earth's (or another body's) atmosphere is called a ______, or a shooting ______r or falling star.
  3. If a meteoroid reaches the ground and survives impact, then it is called ______.
  4. Many meteors appearing seconds or minutes apart are called a meteor______.

Layers of the Atmosphere

  1. The atmosphere is divided into ______layers.
  2. The troposphere is the first layer above the surface and contains half of the Earth's atmosphere. This is where ______occurs.
  3. This layer is also where we ______.
  4. The ______is where the ozone layer is, this area absorbs harmful rays from the Sun.
  5. Meteors or rock fragments burn up in the ______and it’s the coldest layer.
  6. The ______is a layer with auroras. It is also where the space shuttle orbits and is the hottest layer.
  7. Ionosphere is the low level of the ______.
  8. The atmosphere merges into space in the extremely thin ______. This is the upper limit of our atmosphere.

Weather

  1. Weather is the ______.
  2. Climate is over a long ______of time (many years)
  3. In what part of the atmosphere does weather occur? ______
  4. The main type of weather we face in South Georgia in the winter is ______and in the summer______.

Planets:

  1. Inner Planets are called ______planets.
  2. These planets include: Mercury, ______, Earth, and ______.
  3. This means they have a rocky ______.
  4. Outer Planets are called gas ______.
  5. They include Jupiter, ______, Uranus, ______, and Pluto (some people don’t count it as a planet any more).

Galaxies:

1.Name the 4 types of galaxies: Elliptal,______, ______, and Irregular.

2.We live on a ______galaxy and on the ______edge of the arm.

3.Our galaxy is called the ______way.

4.Barred Spiral looks like a ______wire on a fence.

5.An Irregular galaxy has no defined ______.

Meteors:

6.Meteoroid- is what you call these when they are in our ______.

7.Meteor- is called this when it enters our ______.

8.Most Meteors burn up in the ______sphere.

9.Meteorite- is what you call these when it hits Earth’s ______.

Predicting Weather

  1. Who predicts the weather? ______

Layers of the Atmosphere

  1. Name the Earth’s 5 main layers? ______, ______, ______, ______, ______.
  2. “Tropo” means turning or ______.

Wind

  1. Define wind: ______.
  2. What 2 things cause wind? ______and ______.
  3. Wind moves from areas of higher pressure to lower ______.
  4. Differences in air pressure are often caused by ______.
  5. What do you measure air pressure with? a ______

Local Winds

  1. What are local winds? They occur over a ______areas.
  2. Define a sea breeze: ______.
  3. Define a land breeze: ______.
  4. Which breeze occurs in the day time?______.
  5. Which breeze occurs in the night time? ______.

Global Winds

  1. What are global winds? ______.
  2. They occur over a ______area.
  3. Define the Coriolis Effect? ______.

The Seasons

  1. It takes one day for the Earth to make one complete ______on its axis.
  2. It takes one year for the Earth to make one ______around the sun.
  3. What causes night and day? ______
  4. What causes the seasons? ______
  5. At what degree is the Earth tilted? ______
  6. If it is one season in the Southern Hemisphere what is it in the Northern and why? ______

Phases of the Moon

  1. What does waxing mean?______
  2. What does waning mean? ______
  1. ______- the face of the moon is completely dark; this phase begins and ends the cycle of moon phases
  2. ______- the face of the moon seems to be getting bigger and only a sliver or crescent shape on the right hand side can be seen
  3. ______- only the right half of the moon’s face is shining
  4. ______- the face of the moon seems to be getting bigger, almost the entire face of the moon is shining, only a crescent of darkness remains on the left hand side
  5. ______- the entire face of the moon is shining and can be seen from the earth
  6. ______- the face of the moon begins to get smaller, only a crescent shape on the right hand side is dark
  7. ______- only the left half of the moon’s face is shining
  8. ______- the face of the moon continues to get smaller, only a crescent shape of the left hand side is shining
  9. ______- the cycle of moon phases begins again after a month of moon revolutions around the earth

Eclipses

  1. Why can we see the moon at night even though it does not produce any light? ______
  1. 6) What moon phase does a lunar eclipse occur in? ______
  1. 7) When the moon blocks the Earth from the sun a ______occurs.
  2. 8) What is the position of the Earth, Sun and Moon during a lunar eclipse? ______, ______, ______.
  3. 9) What is the position of the Earth, Sun and Moon during a solar eclipse? ______, ______, ______.