Fusion Reformation Review World History/Napp

During the Middle Ages, the Roman Catholic Church was the most powerful institution in medieval Europe. However, Renaissance thinkers and scientists began to challenge the authority of the Church. In addition, individuals within the Church began to question Church teachings and doctrines. Martin Luther was such an individual. Martin Luther was a monk who seriously felt that many things in the Church were wrong and had to be changed or reformed. For example, he said that the sale of indulgences (pardons for sins) should be stopped. He believed that one could not substitute indulgences for the faith of the people. Finally, he could stand it no longer. In October 1517, he nailed 95theses (ideas to be debated publicly) to the door of the church at Wittenberg, Germany. These theses were printed and read all over Europe. People were excited and upset. The authority of the Church was challenged. Perhaps the Church did not have an absolute control over everything that was right and true.

Write a T for each statement that is true and F for each statement that is false.

  1. Martin Luther became a monk.
  2. Luther felt that it was wrong to sell indulgences
  3. Luther never talked about his opinions in public.
  4. Luther never left the Catholic Church.
  5. Luther wanted to reform the Catholic Church.
  6. Luther liked the simple life of his monastery.
  7. Luther did not teach classes in the Bible.
  8. Luther felt that he was a man of peace.

9. Martin Luther had strong feelings about many things.

Tell which statements you feel Martin Luther made or might have made.

  1. Salvation cannot be bought.
  2. People need priests to speak to God for them.
  3. People need priests to ask God’s forgiveness for their sins.
  4. While every priest cannot be a saint, he must be honest, sincere, and decent.
  5. People should think more of God.
  6. People should dress in fancy clothes and live and eat well.
  7. Religion must help people believe in God.
  8. The Catholic Church should not be the only Christian church.

Activity:

Imagine that you are Martin Luther’s friend. You are a loyal Catholic. Write a letter to Martin Luther after his refusal to recant.

______

Base your answer to the question on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies.

Which period began as a result of the actions shown in this cartoon?
  1. Italian Renaissance
  2. Protestant Reformation
  3. Scientific Revolution
  4. Glorious Revolution
What was a consequence of the Protestant Reformation?
  1. Secular rulers became more powerful.
  2. Judaism dominated southern Europe.
  3. The Holy Roman Empire became a republic.
  4. Religious differences were peacefully settled.
Which leader started the Protestant Reformation by speaking out against papal abuses and the sale of indulgences in the Ninety-five Theses?
  1. John Calvin
  2. Henry VIII
  3. John Wycliffe
  4. Martin Luther
One major effect of the Protestant Reformation on western Europe was the
  1. decline in religious unity
  2. increased power of the Catholic pope
  3. reduction in religious wars
  4. increase in the sale of indulgences by the Catholic Church
  • Johannes Gutenberg
  • King Henry VIII
  • John Calvin
Which event in European history was most directly influenced by these individuals?
  1. Reconquista
  2. Glorious Revolution
  3. Protestant Reformation
  4. trans-Atlantic slave trade
Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Henry VIII all played a key role in the
  1. attempts made to reclaim the Holy Land
  2. fall of the Ottoman Empire
  3. end of religious unity in Europe
  4. establishment of parliamentary democracy in Britain
One result of the Protestant Reformation was
  1. fewer challenges to Church authority
  2. a decline in religious unity in western Europe
  3. the disbanding of the Jesuit order
  4. a weakening of the Inquisition
One impact Gutenberg’s printing press had on western Europe was
  1. spread of Martin Luther’s ideas
  2. a decrease in the number of universities
  3. a decline in literacy
  4. the unification of the Holy Roman Empire
Which change to Christian church practice was suggested by Martin Luther?
1.increasing the sale of indulgences
2.installing statues of saints in churches
3.saying the mass in Latin so the faithful would learn it
4.printing the Bible in the vernacular so all could read it
Prior to the Protestant Reformation, the medieval church in western Europe was criticized for
1. sponsoring explorations to the Middle East
2. allowing the Bible to be printed and distributed to the people
3. being too concerned with riches
4. refusing to sell indulgences to peasants
An important effect of the Protestant Reformation in Europe was that it strengthened the
  1. power of monarchies
  2. power of the pope
  3. belief in polytheism
  4. unity of Europe
In western Europe, a long-term effect of the invention of Gutenberg’s printing press was that the
  1. monarchies were restored to absolute power
  2. feudal system declined
  3. literacy rate increased
  4. development of new ideas was discouraged
The issues of the sale of indulgences and of the worldly lives of the clergy were addressed by
1. Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations
2. John Locke in his treatises on government
3. Martin Luther in his ninety-five theses
4. Marx in The Communist Manifesto / Base your answer to the question on the speakers’ statements below and on your knowledge of social studies.
Speaker A: It was a combination of the Protestant wind and the island nature of our nation that protected us. Surely, Philip must be upset at his defeat.
Speaker B: Our archipelago and divine winds have protected us once again. The Mongols may have taken China, but they cannot conquer us.
Speaker C: To support our growing population, we must find a suitable way to farm. With floating gardens on our lake, we should be able to grow enough to meet our demand.
Speaker D: We have connected highland and lowland areas by building networks of roads and bridges. We have also built terraces into our mountainsides to grow crops.
Which speaker is most likely from 16th-century England?
  1. A
  2. B
  3. C
  4. D
Which technological development contributed most directly to the success of the Protestant Reformation?
  1. astrolabe
  2. compass
  3. wheel
  4. printing press
Which situation was a direct challenge to the political and religious authority of the Catholic Church?
  1. passage of the Act of Supremacy under Henry VIII
  2. death sentence given to Joan of Arc
  3. Reconquista of Spain conducted by Ferdinand and Isabella
  4. establishment of the Jesuit order under Ignatius Loyola
One way in which Martin Luther’s Ninety-five Theses and Henry VIII’s Act of Supremacy are similar is that both
  1. emphasize the importance of the Bible
  2. caused the Thirty Years War
  3. challenged the authority of the Catholic Church
  4. helped to unify Christendom
Which statement about the Protestant Reformation is an opinion rather than a fact?
  1. German princes revolted against the Holy Roman Emperor.
  2. Membership in the Catholic Church declined in northern Europe.
  3. European religious unity was disrupted by the newly established religions.
  4. Henry VIII led a stronger religious reform movement than Martin Luther did.
Which action led most directly to divisions in Christianity in western Europe?
1. Urban II calling for the Crusades
2. King John signing the Magna Carta
3. German cities establishing the Hanseatic League
4. Martin Luther posting the Ninety-five Theses
  • Sale of indulgences authorized by Pope Leo X to raise money to build St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome (1515)
  • Ninety-five Theses posted (1517)
  • Hearing held at Worms, Germany (1521)
These events are most closely associated with
  1. Charles V and absolutism
  2. Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation
  3. John Locke and the Enlightenment
  4. Karl Marx and scientific socialism
The most significant way in which the Renaissance influenced the Reformation was in the Renaissance emphasis on
  1. supporting democratic forms of government
  2. encouraging a questioning attitude
  3. stressing the importance of life after death
  4. questioning the existence of God
During the Renaissance, which development contributed most to the Protestant Reformation?
1. interest in ancient Greece and Rome
2. advances in mathematics and science
3. questioning of traditional authority
4. attention to realism and detail
* Martin Luther stresses faith.
* The belief of predestination spreads.
* The Council of Trent clarifies the teachings of the Church.
These statements describe ideas and events that
1. brought religious unity to Europe
2. shaped the Reformation and the Counter Reformation
3. ended the Glorious Revolution

Base your answer to the question on the time line below and your knowledge of social studies.

Which period of European history is represented by the time line in the graphic?

  1. Enlightenment
  2. Middle Ages
  3. Reformation
  4. Commercial Revolution

Base your answer to the question on the map below and your knowledge of social studies.

Which title would be most appropriate for this map?

  1. “The Impact of the Protestant Reformation”
  2. “The Catholic Counter-Reformation”
  3. “The Fall of the Holy Roman Empire”
  4. “European Religious Unity”

Which innovation had the greatest impact on the Protestant Reformation?

  1. Movable-type printing press 2. Magnetic Compass

Martin Luther: 1483–1546

“In one way, fear led Luther to becomea monk. At the age of 21, Luther wascaught in a terrible thunderstorm. Convinced he would die, he cried out, ‘Saint Anne, help me! I will become a monk.’ Even after entering the monastery,Luther felt fearful, lost, sinful, andrejected by God. He confessed his sins

regularly, fasted, and did penance. However, by studying the Bible, Luther

came to the conclusion that faith alonewas the key to salvation. Only then

did he experience peace.”

  • Explain the concept of justification by faith alone or that only through faith does salvation occur, according to Luther?

P R I M A RY SO U R C E

I am bound by the Scriptures I have quoted and my conscience is captive to the Wordof God. I cannot and I will not retract anything, since it is neither safe nor right to goagainst conscience. I cannot do otherwise, here I stand, may God help me. Amen.

~ MARTIN LUTHER, quoted in The Protestant Reformation by Lewis W. Spitz

  • Why could Luther never recant?

  • How did the conversion of Henry VIII differ from Luther’s conversion?
  • Why are there different branches of Protestantism? How does the Bible as the ultimate authority lead to many Protestant sects as opposed to one Protestant church?