Bio 100
Final exam review list
Define or know concept:
Chap 1
theory
hypothesis
independent variable
dependent variable
characteristics of life (8)
organization of life
atoms
molecules
organelles
cells
tissues
organs
organ system
organism
population
community
ecosystem
biosphere
unifying principle of biology – evolution
Chap 2
Structure of atoms
Elements
Isotopes
Covalent bonds
Polarity
Ionic bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Compounds
Molecules
Water
Cohesion
Adhesion
Density
Properties
Solution
Solute
Solvent
pH
acids
bases
Chap 3
Carbon
Functional groups
Monomers
Polymers
Macromolecules
Mono/poly/functions for all below
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Protein structure
Denaturing
Chap 4
Cell theory
Minimum cell reqs
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Diffs between above
Organelles
Categories
Nucleus
Ribosomes
ER
Golgi
Vacuoles
Plant
animal
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Extracellular matrix
Plant cells
Cell walls
Chloroplasts
Central vacuole
Cell to cell communication/binding
Chap 5
Plasma membrane
Phospholipid bilayer
Membrane proteins
Glycocalyx
Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic
Cholesterol in membranes
Functions of membrane proteins
Fluid mosaic model
Diffusion
Concentration gradient
Osmosis
Semipermeable membrane
Effect of osmotic imbalance on plant/animal cells
Solutions
Hypotonic
Hypertonic
Isotonic
Active transport
Protein channnels
Passive transport
Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Transport proteins
Endocytosis
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Exocytosis
Chap 6
Energy
Potential energy
Kinetic energy
Laws of thermodynamics
Entropy
Endergonic
Exergonic
Coupled reactions
ATP
Enzymes
Substrate
Product
Metabolism
Activation energy
(Chap 6 continued)
active site
coenzymes
competitive inhibition
allosteric binding
Chap 7
Cellular respiration (defn)
Aerobic
Anaerobic fermentation
Respiration equation
ATP synthesis
Reduction
Oxidation
Redox reactions
Electron carriers
NAD
FADH
Stages
Glycolysis
defn
Starting molecules
Products
# ATP used/produced
#NADH
location
substrate level phosphorylation
pyruvate (pyruvic acid)
# per glucose
NADH
intermediate step
coenzyme A
acetyl coA
CO2
# NADH
Krebs (citric acid) cycle
Location
2 acetyl coA per glucose
# ATP produced
#NADH produced
#FADH2 produced
electron transport chain
location
oxidation of NADH/FADH2
(Chap 7 cont)
electron transport chain (cont)
final e- acceptor (reduction)
chemiosmosis
H+ pump
H+ gradient
ATP synthesis
ATP synthase
# ATP produced
total # ATP produced in cell respiration
Chap 8
Photosynthesis defn
Photoautotroph
Primary production
Equation for photosynthesis
3 types photosynthesizers
chloroplasts
grana
thylakoid
chlorophyll
accessory pigments
visible light spectrum
colors absorbed by plants
stomata
mesophyll cells
light reactions
photosystems II and I
location
antennae molecules
reaction center
chlorophyll a
pheophytin
ATP synthesis
e- transport chain
NADPH
Outputs
Calvin cycle
Carbon fixation
RuBisCo
G3P
3 CO2 in / 3 RuBP out
9 ATP used
6 NADPH used
photorespiration
C4
(Chap 8 cont)
CAM
Chap 9
DNA
2% coding
20,000 genes
Watson and Crick
Franklin and Wilkins
Bases
ATCG
DNA structure
Double helix
Sugar phosphate backbone
Bases
Nucleotide
Monomer / polymer
Base paring
A-T
G-C
Base sequences
Genes
Code proteins
Regulatory regions
Genome
Cell cycle
Interphase
G1/S/G2
Cell division
Reason for it
DNA replication
Semiconservative model
Chromosomes
Sister chromatids
Homologous chromosomes
Diploid – in humans
Haploid – in humans
Autosomes
Sex chromosomes
Karyotype
Mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
(Chap 9 cont)
cytokinesis
animal
plant
daughter cells
binary fission
septum
Chap 10
Meiosis
Gametes
Germ cells
Meiosis I
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Cytokinesis
Meiosis II
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
Cytokinesis
Daughter cells
Crossing over
Tetrad
chiasma
Synapse
Independent assortment
Differences between mitosis/meiosis
Diversity
Asexual reproduction
Vegetative
Regeneration
Binary fission
Gender
XX / XY
Gametogenesis
Egg
Oogonia
Oocyte
Polar bodies
Sperm
Spermatogonia
Spermatocyte primary/secondary
Spermatids
Spermatozoa
Chap 11
Gregor Mendel
Pea plants
True breeding
7 traits
phenotype
genotype
alleles
dominant/recessive
homozygous
heterozygous
Punnet square
Parent gen
F gen
Monohybrid cross
Probability
Rule of multiplication
Dihybrid cross
Incomplete dominance
Intermediate phentype
Co-dominance
ABO blood groups
Antibodies/antigens
Polygenic inheritance
Pleiotropy
Chap 12
X-linked inheritance
X-linked conditions
Autosomal disorders
Recessive
Dominant
Pedigrees
Polyploidy
Aneuploidy
Nondisjunction
Cancer
Chromosomal aberrations
Insertions
Deletions
Inversions
(Chap 12 cont)
Translocations
Duplications
Chap 13
Molecular biology
DNA polymerase
Helicase
Mutations
Point mutations
Mutagens
CHAP 14
Protein structure
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
Polypeptide
Amino acids
Protein synthesis
Transcription
Location
DNA template
mRNA
uracil
primary transcript
introns
exons
alternative splicing
Translation
Location
Ribosome
A and P sites
rRNA
tRNA
codon
anticodon
genetic code
gene regulation
junk DNA
regulatory DNA
enabling DNA
promoter
enhancer
transcription factors
(Chap 14 cont)
micro RNA
correlation between coding/noncoding and complexity
Chap 15
Biotechnology
Transgenic organism
Restriction enzymes
Recognition sequences
Sticky ends
Plasmids
Transformation
Recombinant DNA
Cloning vector
Bacteriophage
GM foods
Reproductive cloning
Somatic cell nuclear transfer
Forensic biotech
Polymerase chain reaction
Thermocycling
Short tandem repeat
Stem cells
Totipotent
pluripotent
Multipotent
Embryonic
Blastocyst
Adult
Therapeutic cloning
Chap 16
Descent with modification
Geologic time
Age of life
Common ancestor
Natural selection
Charles Darwin
HMS Beagle
On the Origin of Species
Predecessors to Darwin
Lyell
Cuvier
Lamarck
Malthus
(Chap 16 cont)
Alfred Russel Wallace
Six lines of evidence
Radiometric dating
Fossil record
Compara morpho/embryology
Island biogeography
DNA sequencing
Experimental (labs)
Chap 17
microevolution
Unit of evolution
Population
Gene pool
Evolution (change in allele freq)
Divergence
Macroevolution
5 agents of microevo
mutation
gene flow
genetic drift
bottleneck effect
founder effect
sexual selection
natural selection
3 modes
stabilizing
directional
disruptive
evolutionary fitness
pepper moths