Final Exam Review Guide

Semester 2

Human Anatomy

I. General

1. What is the relationship between cells, tissues, organs, and systems?

2. What are the 4 main types of human tissue? Give 1 or 2 examples of each. Know what they look like (study tissue types handout).

II. Systems

3. Integumentary

a. What are 2 purposes of the integumentary system?

b. What is the outer-most layer of the integumentary system called?

c. What is the purpose of each of the following: hair, nails, adipose tissue, and melanin?

d. Name 2 common health issues associated with the integumentary system.

4. Muscular

a. What are the 3 main types of muscle tissue and what is each one used for?

b. What type of filaments are useful for muscle contraction?

c. What is meant by the terms adduction, abduction, and flexion?

d. Name 2 common health issues associated with the muscular system.

5. Skeletal

a. What are the 3 main layers of bone tissue in a cross-section of a bone?

b. How is the skeletal system related to the circulatory system?

c. What are the names and functions of the main types of joints?

d. Name 2 common health issues associated with the skeletal system.

6. Respiratory

a. What are the 2 main functions of the respiratory system?

b. Describe the path of air as it travels along its path from the mouth to the alveoli.

c. How are the respiratory and the circulatory systems related?

d. Name 2 common health issues associated with the respiratory system.

7. Circulatory

a. The circulatory system carries 2 important things to cells throughout the body, and 1 important type of thing from cells throughout the body…what are they?

b. What is the primary tissue and the primary cell types involved in the circulatory system?

c. Describe the path of blood through the chambers of the heart, out to a toe, back to the heart, to the lungs, then back to the heart again (complete loop).

d. Name 2 common health issues associated with the circulatory system.

8. Digestive

a. The purpose of the digestive system is to break down and deliver to the bloodstream 4 different important molecules in food. What are they?

b. Describe the path that food takes from the mouth to the large intestine/colon, using each of the major digestive organ names along the way.

c. Why are the intestines (especially the small intestine) so long with so much surface area?

d. Name 2 common health issues associated with the digestive system.

9. Nervous

a. What is the primary cell type in the nervous system? Sketch one.

b. What is the difference between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system?

c. Imagine you touched something cold, how does your nervous system relate that message to your brain (how is the message carried through each nerve and from nerve to nerve)?

d. Name 2 common health issues associated with the nervous system.

10. Immune

a. What are the primary cell types involved in the immune system?

b. Describe how the cells mentioned above would respond to an invading threat such as a bacteria or virus?

c. How are allergies related to your immune system?

d. Name 2 common health issues associated with the immune system (not just diseases it fights, but disorders or diseases that directly affect the immune system in a negative manner).

11. Excretory

a. What are the primary organs and tissues in the excretory system?

b. Why are the lungs and sweat glands in the skin considered to be parts of the excretory system?

c. What is the function of the kidneys? How do they work?

d. Name 2 common health issues associated with the excretory system.

12. Reproductive

a. What are the main parts of the female reproductive system? What is the main cell type and where is it made?

b. What are the main parts of the male reproductive system? What is the main cell type and where is it made?

c. Describe the path a sperm and egg take through their respective systems up until the point and place where they must meet to have a successful fertilization. Where does the fertilized egg go then?

d. Name 2 common health issues associated with the reproductive system (not just 2 STDs).

Classification

I.  History

  1. What is taxonomy?
  2. Who was Carrolus Linnaeus and what were his contributions to taxonomy?
  3. How are organisms classified in Linnaeus’ system? (based on what?)

II.  Taxa

  1. How does the old 5 Kingdom Classification System differ from the newer proposals for classifying organisms? (name the new ones and discuss differences)
  2. What are the names of each of the taxa starting at domain and getting more specific in sequence until you reach species
  3. What is a species…how is one species defined as different from another?

III.  Domains and Kingdoms

  1. What are the 3 domains in the domain classification level, and how are organisms different in each domain?
  2. What are the 4 Kingdoms in the domain Eukarya?
  3. Name the exclusive characteristics common to all organisms in each kingdom (domain eukarya). There should be 2 for protista, 4 for fungi, 4 for plantae, and 4 for animalia.
  4. If I found 3 organisms with the following characteristics, respectively, in which kingdom should each one be classified? (assume all are eukaryotic)
  5. Organism 1: sessile, heterotrophic, and multicellular
  6. Organism 2: motile, heterotrophic, and unicellular
  7. Organism 3: sessile, autotrophic, and multicellular

IV.  Phyla

  1. List the 9 phyla in the Kingdom Animalia in a basic order from primitive or least complex, to most advanced or complex.
  2. What phylum would each of the following organisms be found in?
  3. Jellyfish
  4. Cricket
  5. Sea Anemone
  6. Earthworm
  7. Jackrabbit
  8. Sea Sponge
  9. Tapeworm
  10. Squid
  11. Shark
  12. Which phylum includes organisms with an exoskeleton?
  13. Which phylum includes organisms with an internal skeleton?

V.  Classes

  1. Why would an ant be found in a different class than a black widow? In what classes would you find each one?
  2. Besides Agnatha and Chondrichthyes, what are the 5 major classes of chordates?
  3. Give 2-3 exclusive characteristics that distinguish each one of the chordate classes from each other

VI.  Six-Kingdom Resource in the book

  1. Find the following organisms in the back of your textbook and classify them as far into their taxa as the book will take you:
  2. E. coli bacteria
  3. Giardia (single celled eukaryote)
  4. Yeast
  5. Fern
  6. Snail
  7. Leech
  8. Beetle
  9. Great White Shark
  10. Duck
  11. Elephant

VII.  Dichotomous Keys

  1. What is a dichotomous key, and how can it help a taxonomist?
  2. How does one read a dichotomous key?
  3. What types of statements should you use, and which should you avoid using when you write a dichotomous key? (3 of each, give examples)

  1. Use the key below to identify insects 1-3, then finish the key to include a way to identify insects 4-6.

1. a. insect has antennae that curve backward from its head go to #2

b. insect has antennae that curve forward from its head go to #4

2. a. insect has what appears to be a double thorax segment Cicindela silvatica

b. insect does not appear to have a double thorax segment go to # 3

3. a. insect has a clear division line down the dorsal side of its abdomen Donacia aguatica

b. insect does not have a division line down the dorsal side of the abdomen Calosoma sycophanta

Evolution

I. History and Terms

A. Who was Charles Darwin and what contributions did he make to biology?

B. What events/thoughts led Darwin to his novel hypothesis?

C. Why is evolution such a controversial subject (at least 2 reasons).

D. What is the difference between microevolution and macroevolution? Which is easier to demonstrate with evidence?


E. Describe each of Darwin’s 9 points of natural selection in your own words:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

F. Now briefly summarize what natural selection is in your own words (don’t just re-write the 9 points, summarize them succinctly)

G. Give the basic meaning and an example for each of the terms below:

1. Fitness (evolutionary):

Example:

2. Coevolution:

Example:

3. Sexual Selection:

Example:

4. Divergent Evolution:

Example:

5. Convergent Evolution:

Example:

6. Speciation:

Example:

H. Explain the concept of selective pressures and give examples of 3-5 different types of selective pressures.

II. Evidence

A. Name and describe each of the 5 major categories of evidence supporting the theory of evolution:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

B. What are transitional forms, and how are they useful evidence for evolution?

C. Many say that evolution is just a theory. What is a theory? Does the fact that it is a theory make it unreliable? Explain your answer.

D. How does an understanding of evolution help us in modern science and medicine? You should be able to give at least one example.


Ecology

1. Know the following vocabulary terms and their meanings:

a.  biome

b.  population

c.  producer

d.  consumer ( all 3 kinds)

e.  decomposer

f.  autotroph

g.  heterotroph

h.  carnivore

i.  herbivore

j.  omnivore

k.  detritivore

l.  food web

m.  trophic pyramid

n.  niche

o.  exponential growth (j-curve)

p.  s-curve growth

q.  r-selected species

r.  k-selected species

s.  mutualism

t.  commensalism

u.  parasitism

v.  predation

2. Know the differences between and some characteristics of each of the following biomes:

a.  tundra

b.  taiga

c.  desert

d.  temperate forest

e.  tropical rainforest

f.  temperate grassland

g.  savanna

h.  marine

i.  freshwater

j.  wetland


3. Know how to analyze a food web and answer questions about it:

a.  The photosynthetic plankton only has arrows pointing away from it, but none pointing to it, this means it is a…

  1. producer
  2. primary consumer
  3. secondary consumer
  4. tertiary consumer

b.  The killer whale would be an example of a…

  1. producer
  2. primary consumer
  3. secondary consumer
  4. tertiary consumer

c.  What would happen to other members of the food web if the squid were to go extinct?

d.  Make 3 lists titled carnivores, omnivores, and herbivores and put all of the organisms from the food web into one of the lists based on the info you have.

4. Know the difference between the 3 symbiotic relationships organisms of different species can have:

a.

example:

b.

example:

c.

example:


5. Determine which relationship is most likely present in an example:

a.  An African rhinoceros allows the oxpecker bird to perch on its back and eat insects like ticks or fleas which suck the rhino’s blood.

The relationship between the rhino and the bird: ______

What does the rhino get: ______

What does the bird get: ______

The relationship between the rhino and the ticks: ______

What does the rhino get: ______

What does the tick get: ______

b.  A pack of wolves catch a deer and eat it. While they eat, condors circle overhead, waiting. When the wolves are finished, the condors land and eat any leftover scraps of the deer.

The relationship between the wolves and the condors: ______

What do the wolves get (from the condor): ______

What do the condors get: ______

6. Explain why food chains can be organized in pyramids. What is there more of at the bottom than the top? Why?

7. Describe the 2 main ways that populations grow (draw graphs for each) and give some examples of both types of organisms.

8. In the graph below that contains populations for 2 different species, a predator and its prey, how can you tell which line represents the predator population and which line represents the prey population? After answering this question below, label the lines on the graph.