Biology Final Exam Review Spring 2014
Unit 7: Viruses and Bacteria
●Describe the two parts of a virus and be able to draw and label
●Explain the steps of lytic cycle. Be able to describe and list in the correct order.
●Describe the steps of lysogenic cycle, especially integration.
●Name and describe any two viral diseases
●Describe why we need a new flu vaccine every year
●Discuss why viruses are consider non-living.
●Describe vaccines and how the virus is manipulated, inactivated virus and attenuated virus.
●Describe the role and function of T-cells and B-cells.
●Explain the difference between HIV and AIDS.
●Describe aseptic techniques and why they are used.
●Define inoculation and incubation
●Explain the difference between eukaryotic or prokaryotic bacteria.
●Describe and identify the three bacterial shapes.
●Describe bacterial growth using the prefixes diplo, strepto and staphylo with the bacteria shapes.
●Name and describe one bacteria disease
●Discuss our current problems with antibiotic resistance
Unit 8: Protists, Fungi and Plants
●Explain how Protists are classified; list and describe characteristics of the three Protist groups.
●Describe the characteristics of organisms in the Kingdom Fungi.
●Explain how fungi obtain nutrients, including their role as decomposers.
●List some beneficial and harmful effects fungi can have on humans.
●Discuss the adaptations plants have to survive on land environments such as the presence of a cuticle, stomata, vascular tissues (xylem, phloem) and a seed (with its parts).
●Explain the alternation of generations of plants; define gametophyte and sporophyte and apply to a plant by observing the life cycle.
●Discuss the difference between a nonvascular plant, seedless vascular plant and vascular seed plants; give examples of each type.
●Distinguish between monocot and dicot plants.
●Relate the structure of roots, stems, and leaves to their functions.
●Relate the role of leaf gas exchange and transpiration to photosynthesis.
●Identify the parts of a flower and their functions; link to seed and fruit development.
●Discuss several pollination mechanisms; relate the pollination mechanism of a flower to its structure.
Unit 9: Invertebrates
●List the characteristics of animals.
●Distinguish between an invertebrate and vertebrate; exoskeleton and endoskeleton: closed and open circulatory systems; external and internal fertilization; sessile.
●Define the following terms: cephalization, anterior, posterior, dorsal and ventral.
●Define symmetry and describe the three types (asymmetry, radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry) using examples.
●Describe the three types of body cavities (acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, and coelomate) and give an example of an animal that belongs to each type.
●Describe the body structure and systems of a sponge (ex: reproduction, feeding and digestion, etc.)
●Describe the body structure (ex: polyp, medusa) and systems of a cnidarian (ex: feeding methods/specialized cells and digestion, nervous system, etc.)
●Describe the body structure and systems of flatworms and roundworms (feeding methods/use of scolex and digestive tract, respiration, etc.)
●Describe the body structure and systems of annelids (digestion/digestive tract, excretion/nephridia, etc.). Provide several examples of annelids.
●List and describe the three classes of mollusks (ex: type of body cavity, function of the mantle, animal examples).
●Describe the systems of the clam/mollusks (ex: circulation, feeding methods and digestion, excretion/nephridia, etc.)
●List the characteristics of arthropods (ex: type of body cavity, segmentation, jointed appendages, purpose of molting, etc.)
●Describe the body systems of the arthropods /crayfish(ex: circulation, feeding methods and digestion, excretion, etc.)
●Compare and contrast the body systems of the earthworm and crayfish (Comparative Physiology assignment)
Unit 10: Vertebrates: Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles and Birds
●List the characteristics of Phylum Vertebrata (3).
●List and describe the three classes of fish and provide an example for each.
●Identify the external features on the fish and describe the functions of each.
●Describe the body systems of the fish
○circulation/heart structure & flow,
○respiration,
○nervous system/brain structures & functions,
○excretion,
○reproduction,
○digestion./digestive tract,
○bouyancy/swim bladder
●Describe the classification of frogs and toads and give several examples.
●Explain the amphibian life cycle and metamorphosis.
●Describe the systems of the frogs and toads (ex: circulation, digestion, excretion/cloaca, reproduction/egg characteristics, respiration/alveoli, etc.)
●Explain the difference between the following methods of embryonic development: oviparous, viviparous, ovaviviparous; Compare and contrast amphibian and reptile eggs.
●Describe the nervous/sensory organs of reptiles and their functions.
●Describe the circulatory system of reptiles. Compare and contrast the crocodile heart with other reptiles.
●Distinguish between an endotherm and an ectotherm.
●Explain the structure of the heart and the purpose of a cardiac (intraventricular) septum.
●Explain the function of the following structures of the vertebrate digestive tract and accessory organs: esophagus, stomach, liver, gall bladder, small/large intestines and cloaca.
●Describe the characteristics of the aves/birds (ex: bone structure, feathers, metabolism rate, circulation, digestion, excretion/cloaca, reproduction/egg characteristics, respiration/air sacs, etc.)
Unit 11: Vertebrates: Mammals
●List and explain the four characteristics of a mammal.
●List and explain the three groups of mammals and give an example for each. Describe the function of a placenta.
●Explain the purpose of the skeletal system. Distinguish between tendons and ligaments; identify the number of bones in a human.
●Distinguish between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system and their respective functions.
●Explain the following structures and functions of the human nervous system and endocrine systems: cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, brain stem, neuron and pituitary gland.
●Explain the purpose of the human reproductive system. Describe the location and function of the ovary, testes, and seminiferous tubules.
●Describe where fertilization occurs in humans and the sequence of stages from fertilization through pregnancy and birth.
●Trace the flow of blood through the human circulatory system; describe the function and location of the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.
●Identify all the of the heart including the valves.
●Trace the flow of food through the human digestive tract explaining the structure and function of each part; include the processes of liquid and solid waste removal.
●Describe the structure and function of the human circulatory system and how gases are exchanged at the alveoli.
Unit 12: Ecology
●Define ecology, habitat and niche. Distinguish between biotic and abiotic factors and give several examples.
●Create a diagram of a food chain and food web showing correct energy flow.
●Define the following interaction terms and give an example for each: competition, predation, mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.
●Distinguish between autotrophs and heterotrophs; herbivores, carnivores/scavengers, omnivores and decomposers.
●Create an energy pyramid illustrating the energy movement of 10% for each level.
●Explain the factors that causes changes in a population (ex: natality, mortality, immigration, emigration).
●Compare and contrast the exponential growth model with a logistic growth model. Desribe the effects of a population with a carrying capacity.
●Define limiting factor. Distinguish between density dependent and independent limiting factors. Give real world examples.
●Describe several threats to biodiversity; the importance of biodiversity and the factors that threaten biodiversity.
●Define ecological succession and the difference between primary and secondary succession.
●Explain why particular biomes exist at particular global locations. Give several examples.