Figure 1. Forest Plot for Unidimensional Acculturation/Enculturation and Positive Help-Seeking

Figure 1. Forest plot for Unidimensional acculturation/enculturation and positive help-seeking attitudes (k= 28)

Note. ARSMA-II-SV: Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans-II-Shortened Version (Calculated as unidimensional in Chaudbury 2011); ARSMA-II: Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans-II (Calculated as unidimensional in Cox 2008); MMRS: Minority-Majority Relations Survey; SASH: Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanics; SL-AISA: The Suinn-Lew Asian Self Identity Acculturation; CAI: Chinese Acculturation Inventory

Table 1

Frequency of Scales Used in Measuring IVs and DVs in Omnibus Test for Unidimensional Acculturation-Enculturation and Positive Help-Seeking Attitudes (k= 28)

Measure / Frequency
Measures of Independent Variable: Unidimensional Acculturation- Enculturation
ARSMA-II-SV / 1 (3.6%)
ARSMA-II / 1 (3.6%)
MMRS / 1 (3.6%)
SASH / 1 (3.6%)
SL-ASIA / 23 (82.1%)
CAI / 1 (3.6%)
Measures of Dependent Variable: Psychological Help-Seeking Attitudes
ATSPPH / 13 (46.4%)
ATSPPH-SF / 12 (42.9%)
WSC / 1 (3.6%)
IATSMHS / 1 (3.6%)
ISCI / 1 (3.6%)
TRA / 1 (3.6%)
WSPMHH / 1 (3.6%)

Note. Total percentage of dependent variable measures is larger than 100 due to studies used more than one measures.

ARSMA-II-SV: Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans-II-Shortened Version (Calculated as unidimensional in Chaudbury 2011); ARSMA-II: Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans-II (Calculated as unidimensional in Cox 2008); MMRS: Minority-Majority Relations Survey; SASH: Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanics; SL-AISA: The Suinn-Lew Asian Self Identity Acculturation; CAI: Chinese Acculturation Inventory

ATSPPH: Attitudes toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help; ATSPPH-SF: Attitudes toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help-Short Form; WSC: Willingness to Seek a Counselor; IATSMHS: Inventory of Attitudes toward Seeking Mental Health Services Scale; ISCI: Intention of Seeking Counseling Inventory; TRA: Theory of Reasoned-Action; WSPMHH: Willingness to Seek Professional Mental Health Help

Figure 2. Forest plot for bidimensional acculturation and positive help-seeking attitudes (k= 49)

Note. AAMAS/AAMAES: Asian American Multidimensional Acculturation Scale; AAS: Acculturation Attitude Scale; AAVS-M: Asian American Values Scale-Multidimensional; AIRS: American International Relations Survey; ARSAA: Acculturation Rating Scale for Armenian Americans; ARSMA-II: Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans-II; ARSMA-II-SV: Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans-II, Short Version; BAS: Bidimensional Acculturation Scale for Hispanics; CLSI-2: Cultural Life Styles Inventory- Version 2; CRM-BS: Cortes, Rogler and Malgady Bicultural Scale; EAVS-AA-R: European American Values Scale for Asian Americans-Revised; IC: Individualism vs. Collectivism; INDCOL: Individualism and Collectivism Scale; KAS: Khmer Acculturation Scale; LIB: Language, Identity, and Behavior Acculturation Scale; MACVS: Mexican American Cultural Values; MASPAD: Measurement of Acculturation Strategies for People of African Descent; MIBI: Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity; MMRS: Majority-Minority Relations Survey; SAFE-SF: Social, Attitudinal, Familial, and Environmental (SAFE) Acculturation Stress Scale-Short Form; SMAS: Stephenson Multigroup Acculturation Scale; VIA: Vancouver Index of Acculturation.

Table 2

Frequency of Scales Used in Measuring IVs and DVs in Omnibus Test for Bidimensional Acculturation and Positive Help-Seeking Attitudes (k= 49)

Measure / Frequency
Measures of Independent Variable: Unidimensional Acculturation- Enculturation
AAMAS/AAMAES / 7 (14.3%)
AAS / 1 (2.0%)
AAVS-M / 1 (2.0%)
AIRS / 2 (4.1%)
ARSAA / 1 (2.0%)
ARSMA-II / 9 (18.4%)
ARSMA-II-SV / 1 (2.0%)
BAS / 2 (4.1%)
CLSI-2 / 1 (2.0%)
CRM-BS / 1 (2.0%)
EAVS-AA-R / 3 (6.1%)
IC / 1 (2.0%)
KAS / 1 (2.0%)
LIB / 1 (2.0%)
MASPAD / 2 (4.1%)
MIBI / 1 (2.0%)
MMRS / 1 (2.0%)
SAFE-SF / 1 (2.0%)
SL-ASIA / 2 (4.1%)
SMAS/SMAS-R / 2 (4.1%)
VIA / 9 (18.4%)
Measures of Dependent Variable: Psychological Help-Seeking Attitudes
ATSPPH / 19 (38.8%)
ATSPPH-SF / 25 (51.0%)
CMHS / 1 (2.0%)
GHSQ / 1 (2.0%)
IASMHS / 1 (2.0%)
ISCI / 5 (10.2%)
TRA / 1 (2.0%)
WSC / 2 (4.1%)

Note. Total percentages are larger than 100 due to studies used more than one measures.

AAMAS/AAMAES: Asian American Multidimensional Acculturation Scale; AAS: Acculturation Attitude Scale; AAVS-M: Asian American Values Scale-Multidimensional; AIRS: American International Relations Survey; ARSAA: Acculturation Rating Scale for Armenian Americans; ARSMA-II: Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans-II; ARSMA-II-SV: Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans-II, Short Version; BAS: Bidimensional Acculturation Scale for Hispanics; CLSI-2: Cultural Life Styles Inventory- Version 2; CRM-BS: Cortes, Rogler and Malgady Bicultural Scale; EAVS-AA-R: European American Values Scale for Asian Americans-Revised; IC: Individualism vs. Collectivism; INDCOL: Individualism and Collectivism Scale; KAS: Khmer Acculturation Scale; LIB: Language, Identity, and Behavior Acculturation Scale; MACVS: Mexican American Cultural Values; MASPAD: Measurement of Acculturation Strategies for People of African Descent; MIBI: Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity; MMRS: Majority-Minority Relations Survey; SAFE-SF: Social, Attitudinal, Familial, and Environmental (SAFE) Acculturation Stress Scale-Short Form; SMAS: Stephenson Multigroup Acculturation Scale; VIA: Vancouver Index of Acculturation.

ATSPPH: Attitudes toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help; ATSPPH-SF: Attitudes toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help-Short Form; CMHS: Conception of Mental Health Scale; GHSQ: General Help-seeking Questionnaire; IATSMHS: Inventory of Attitudes toward Seeking Mental Health Services Scale; ISCI: Intention of Seeking Counseling Inventory; TRA: Theory of Reasoned-Action; WSC: Willingness to Seek a Counselor; WSPMHH: Willingness to Seek Professional Mental Health Help

Figure 3. Forest plot for bidimensional enculturation and positive help-seeking attitudes (k= 94)

Note. AAAS: Asian American Multidimensional Acculturation Scale; AAMAS: Asian American Multidimensional Acculturation Scale; AAS: Acculturation Attitude Scale; AAVS-M: Asian American Values Scale-Multidimensional; AAVS-M: Asian American Values Scale-Multidimensional; AEOQ-R: Armenian Ethnic Orientation Questionnaire-Revised; AFIS: Asian Female Ideal Scale; AFS: Attitudinal Familism Scale; AMIS: Asian Male Ideal Scale; ARSMA-II: Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans-II; ARSMA-II-SV: Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans-II, Short Version; AS: Africentric Scale; ASC & ASCS: African Self-Consciousness Scale; AVS: Asian Values Scale; BAS: Bidimensional Acculturation Scale for Hispanics; CAI: Chinese Acculturation Inventory; CSES: Collective Self-Esteem Scale; CRM-BS: Cortes, Rogler and Malgady Bicultural Scale; CVS: Chinese Values Survey; ESFA: Enculturation Scale for Filipino Americans; ESS: Experience of Shame Scale ; FAAS: Filipino American Acculturation Scale; KAS: Khmer Acculturation Scale; LIB: Language, Identity, and Behavior Acculturation Scale; LOF: Loss of Face Scale; IC: Individualism vs. Collectivism; MACC-SF: Multiphasic Assessment of Cultural Constructs- Short Form; MASPAD: Measurement of Acculturation Strategies for People of African Descent; MEIM: Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure-Revised; MIBI: Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity; OCIS: Orthogonal Cultural Identification Scale; SMAS: Stephenson Multigroup Acculturation Scale; TBMI: Traditional Beliefs about Mental Illness; VIA: Vancouver Index of Acculturation.

Table 3

Frequency of Scales Used in Measuring IVs and DVs in Omnibus Test for Bidimensional Acculturation and Positive Help-Seeking Attitudes (k= 94)

Measure / Frequency
Measures of Independent Variable: Unidimensional Acculturation- Enculturation
AAAS / 3 (3.2%)
AAMAS/AAMAES / 7 (7.4%)
AAS / 1 (1.1%)
AAVS-M / 11 (11.7%)
AEOQ-R / 1 (1.1%)
AFIS / 1 (1.1%)
AFS / 1 (1.1%)
ARSAA / 1 (1.1%)
AMIS / 1 (1.1%)
ARSMA-II / 9 (9.6%)
ARSMA-II-SV / 1 (1.1%)
AS / 3 (3.2%)
ASC/ASCS / 3 (3.2%)
AVS / 19 (20.2%)
AVS-M / 1 (1.1%)
BAS / 1 (1.1%)
CAI / 1 (1.1%)
CIS / 1 (1.1%)
CRM-BS / 1 (1.1%)
CVS / 1 (1.1%)
ESFA / 2 (2.1%)
INDCOL / 1 (1.1%)
IC / 1 (1.1%)
KAS / 1 (1.1%)
LIB / 1 (1.1%)
LOF/LOFS / 6 (6.4%)
MAAS / 1 (1.1%)
MASPAD / 3 (3.2%)
MEIM / 6 (6.4%)
MIBI / 2 (2.1%)
OCIS / 1 (1.1%)
SAFE-SF / 1 (2.0%)
SMAS / 2 (2.1%)
TBMI / 1 (1.1%)
VIA / 9 (9.6%)
Measures of Dependent Variable: Psychological Help-Seeking Attitudes
ATSMHS / 1 (1.1%)
ATSPPH / 30 (31.9%)
ATSPPH-SF / 52 (55.3%)
CMHS / 1 (1.1%)
GHSQ / 1 (1.1%)
IASMHS / 4 (4.3%)
ISCI / 8 (8.5%)
OMI / 1 (1.1%)
WSC / 7 (7.4%)

Note. Total percentages are larger than 100 due to studies used more than one measures.

AAAS: Asian American Multidimensional Acculturation Scale; AAMAS: Asian American Multidimensional Acculturation Scale; AAS: Acculturation Attitude Scale; AAVS-M: Asian American Values Scale-Multidimensional; AAVS-M: Asian American Values Scale-Multidimensional; AEOQ-R: Armenian Ethnic Orientation Questionnaire-Revised; AFIS: Asian Female Ideal Scale; AFS: Attitudinal Familism Scale; AMIS: Asian Male Ideal Scale; ARSMA-II: Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans-II; ARSMA-II-SV: Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans-II, Short Version; AS: Africentric Scale; ASC & ASCS: African Self-Consciousness Scale; AVS: Asian Values Scale; BAS: Bidimensional Acculturation Scale for Hispanics; CAI: Chinese Acculturation Inventory; CIS: Cultural Identification Scale; CSES: Collective Self-Esteem Scale; CRM-BS: Cortes, Rogler and Malgady Bicultural Scale; CVS: Chinese Values Survey; ESFA: Enculturation Scale for Filipino Americans; ESS: Experience of Shame Scale ; FAAS: Filipino American Acculturation Scale; KAS: Khmer Acculturation Scale; LIB: Language, Identity, and Behavior Acculturation Scale; LOF: Loss of Face Scale; IC: Individualism vs. Collectivism; MACC-SF: Multiphasic Assessment of Cultural Constructs- Short Form; MASPAD: Measurement of Acculturation Strategies for People of African Descent; MEIM: Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure-Revised; MIBI: Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity; OCIS: Orthogonal Cultural Identification Scale; SMAS: Stephenson Multigroup Acculturation Scale; TBMI: Traditional Beliefs about Mental Illness; VIA: Vancouver Index of Acculturation.

ATSPPH: Attitudes toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help; ATSPPH-SF: Attitudes toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help-Short Form; CMHS: Conception of Mental Health Scale; GHSQ: General Help-seeking Questionnaire; IATSMHS: Inventory of Attitudes toward Seeking Mental Health Services Scale; ISCI: Intention of Seeking Counseling Inventory; OMI: Opinions about Mental Illness; WSC: Willingness to See a Counselor

Figure 4. Forest plot for unidimensional acculturation-enculturation and negative help-seeking attitudes (k= 5)

Note. SL-ASIA: The Suinn-Lew Asian Self Identity Acculturation; SASH: Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanics

Table 4

Frequency of Scales Used in Measuring IVs and DVs in Omnibus test for Unidimensional Acculturation-Enculturation and Negative Help-Seeking Attitudes (k= 5)

Measure / Frequency
Measures of Independent Variable: Unidimensional Acculturation- Enculturation
Acculturation Scale / 1 (20%)
SASH / 1 (20%)
SL-ASIA / 3 (60%)
Measures of Dependent Variable: Psychological Help-Seeking Attitudes
PBMHT / 1 (20%)
SSRPH / 3 (60%)
TAPS / 1 (20%)

Note. SL-ASIA: The Suinn-Lew Asian Self Identity Acculturation; SASH: Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanics

PBMHT: Perceived Barriers to Mental Health Treatment; SSRPH: Stigma Scale for Receiving Psychological Help; TAPS: Thoughts about Psychotherapy Survey

Figure 5. Forest plot for bidimensional acculturation and negative help-seeking attitudes (k= 10)

Note. ARMSA-II: Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans-II; MASPAD: Measurement of Acculturation Strategies for People of African Descent; MEIM-OGO: Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure- Other Group Orientation; OCIS: Orthogonal Cultural Identification Scale; VIA: Vancouver Index of Acculturation

Table 5

Frequency of Scales Used in Measuring IVs and DVs in Omnibus Test for Bidimensional Acculturation and Negative Help-Seeking Attitudes (k= 10)

Measure / Frequency
Measures of Independent Variable: Unidimensional Acculturation- Enculturation
ARSMA-II / 2 (20%)
MASPAD / 1 (10%)
MEIM-OGO / 3 (30%)
OCIS / 1 (10%)
VIA / 3 (30%)
Measures of Dependent Variable: Psychological Help-Seeking Attitudes
PSOSH / 4 (40%)
SSOSH / 7 (70%)
SSRPH / 3 (60%)

Note. Total percentage of dependent variable measures is larger than 100 due to studies used more than one measures.

ARMSA-II: Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans-II; MASPAD: Measurement of Acculturation Strategies for People of African Descent; MEIM-OGO: Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure- Other Group Orientation; OCIS: Orthogonal Cultural Identification Scale; VIA: Vancouver Index of Acculturation

PSOSH: Public Stigma of Seeking Help; SSOSH: Self-Stigma of Seeking Help; SSRPH: Stigma Scale for Receiving Psychological Help

Figure 6. Forest plot for bidimensional enculturation and negative help-seeking attitudes (k= 21)

Note. ARMSA-II: Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans-II; AFS: Attitudinal Familism Scale; AS: Africentric Scale; AVS: Asian Values Scale; AAVS-M: Asian American Values Scale-Multidimensional; LOF: Loss of Face Scale; MASPAD: Measurement of Acculturation Strategies for People of African Descent; MEIM-EI: Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure- Ethnic Identity Subscale; MEIM-R: Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure-Revised; TBMI: Traditional Beliefs about Mental Illness; OCIS: Orthogonal Cultural Identification Scale; VIA: Vancouver Index of Acculturation

Table 6

Frequency of Scales Used in Measuring IVs and DVs in Omnibus Test for Bidimensional Enculturation and Negative Help-Seeking Attitudes (k= 21)

Measure / Frequency
Measures of Independent Variable: Unidimensional Acculturation- Enculturation
ARSMA-II / 2 (9.5%)
AFS / 1 (4.8%)
AS / 2 (9.5%)
AVS / 4 (19.0%)
AAVS-M / 2 (9.5%)
LOF / 2 (9.5%)
MASPAD / 1 (4.8%)
MEIM-EI / 3 (14.3%)
MEIM-R / 1 (4.8%)
TBMI / 1 (4.8%)
OCIS / 1 (4.8%)
VIA / 2 (9.5%)
Measures of Dependent Variable: Psychological Help-Seeking Attitudes
PSOSH / 6 (28.6%)
SSOSH / 9 (42.9%)
SSRPH / 10 (37.6%)
TAPS / 1 (4.8%)

Note. Total percentages are larger than 100 due to studies used more than one measures.

ARMSA-II: Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans-II; AFS: Attitudinal Familism Scale; AS: Africentric Scale; AVS: Asian Values Scale; AAVS-M: Asian American Values Scale-Multidimensional; LOF: Loss of Face Scale; MASPAD: Measurement of Acculturation Strategies for People of African Descent; MEIM-EI: Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure- Ethnic Identity Subscale; MEIM-R: Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure-Revised; TBMI: Traditional Beliefs about Mental Illness; OCIS: Orthogonal Cultural Identification Scale; VIA: Vancouver Index of Acculturation

PSOSH: Public Stigma of Seeking Help; SSOSH: Self-Stigma of Seeking Help; SSRPH: Stigma Scale for Receiving Psychological Help; TAPS: Thoughts about Psychotherapy Survey

Figure 7. Funnel plot for unidimensional acculturation-enculturation and positive help-seeking attitudes (k= 28)

Figure 8. Funnel plot for bidimensional acculturation and positive help-seeking attitudes (k= 49)

Figure 9. Funnel plot for bidimensional enculturation and positive help-seeking attitudes (k= 94)

Figure 10. Funnel plot for unidimensional acculturation-enculturation and negative help-seeking attitudes (k= 5)

Figure 11. Funnel plot for bidimensional acculturation and negative help-seeking attitudes (k= 10)

Figure 12. Funnel plot for bidimensional enculturation and negative help-seeking attitudes (k= 21)

Table 7

African Values Enculturation and Positive Help-Seeking Attitudes

95% CI / Homogeneity analysis
Predictor Variable / k / r / r range / Lower / Upper / p / Q / I2 / p
DV: Positive Help-Seeking Attitudes
Aggregated Overall African Values / 6 / .00 / -.10, .18 / -.09 / .10 / .93 / 9.04 / 45.03% / .11

Note. Six studies included in this omnibus test used either African Self-Consciousness Scale (Baldwin & Bell, 1985) or Africentrism Scale (Grills & Longshore, 1996).

Table 8

Omnibus Tests: Correlations between Acculturation/Enculturation and Positive Help-Seeking Attitudes (Before Removal of Outliers)