UNIT 4 TRANSFORMATION AND TENSION TEST REVIEW

WRITTEN RESPONSE QUESTIONS

Causes of the Cold War

Question: Explain the causes of the Cold War from 1945-1948.

Causes / Explanation
Eastern Europe /
  • Sovietcontrol of Albania, Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary, Romania causes concern inU.S. about Soviet domination in Europe

Stalin’s post-election speech /
  • the speech alarms the Americans who interpret it as a “delayeddeclaration of war” on the West

Keenan’s Long
Telegram /
  • Kennan proposes a “policy of containment” against the spread of communism whicheventually leads to the Truman Doctrine

Churchill’s Iron
Curtain speech /
  • Churchill is disturbed and laments Soviet domination in EasternEurope stating it is not why Allies liberated Europe

Soviets and
Turkey and Iran /
  • the Americans view Soviet interest in Turkey and Iran as evidence of Soviet expansion

atomic bomb testing /
  • the America’s intent with the testing is to intimidate the Soviets todiscourage expansion (U.S. still has monopoly on Atomic bomb)

Paris Conference of
Foreign Minister/
Byrne’s speech /
  • Americans and Soviets unable to cooperate in the Allied Control Council that governs occupied Germany because of different aims/objectives > U.S. wants to rebuild Soviets want reparations
  • Byrnes’s speech states government of Germany should be returned to the German people and U.S will adopt policy of reconstruction

Polish Border /
  • Americans challenge western Polish border agreed upon at Yalta

Truman Doctrine /
  • Truman’s speech introduces the Truman Doctrine and policy of containment to stop spread of communism

Marshall Plan /
  • plan is part of the policy of containment and provides Western European countries economic aid to rebuild their economy and contain the spread of communism

Cominform and
Comecon /
  • the Soviet’s respond to the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan by introducing Cominform (political) and Comecon (economic aid)

Czechoslovakia coup /
  • the Americans view the communist coup as evidence of Sovietexpansion in Europe and it convinces Congress to approve the Marshall Plan

U.S. and USR
disagreement over Germany /
  • Americans and Soviets disagree over the future of Germany as Americans want to rebuild but the Soviets want reparations
  • the disagreement will eventually lead to the Berlin Blockade andpermanent separation of West and East Germany

Cuban Missile Crisis

Question:Describe the main developments in the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis.

Main Developments / Description
Oct 14 U-2 plane photograph / U-2 photographs missile sites in Cuba and provides evidence of Soviet offensive missiles Medium Range Ballistic Missiles (MRBMs)
Oct 16 National Security Advisors meeting / Kennedy meets with National Security Advisors and discuss possible diplomatic and military action (group later becomes Ex-Comm)
Oct 17 Ex-Comm meeting- options / Executive Committee of the National Security Council
(Ex-Comm) meet to discuss options; Joint Chiefs of Staff want an air strike followed by an invasion
Oct 20 Ex-Comm meeting - Cuba / after meeting with Ex-Comm Kennedy orders a quarantine of Cuba
Oct 22 Kennedy TV speech / Kennedy addresses the nation in a televised speech announcing the presence of offensive missile sites in Cuba and the establishment of a quarantine
Oct 26 Khrushchev
letter (first) / Khrushchev sends a letter (first letter) to Kennedy proposing removing his missiles if Kennedy agrees not to invade Cuba
Oct 27 Khrushchev letter (second) / Khrushchev sends a another letter (second letter) to Kennedy proposing removing missiles in Cuba in return for removing U.S. missiles in Turkey
Oct 27 U-2 plane reconnaissance flight / U-2 is shot down over Cuba killing the pilot
Oct 27 Kennedy’s letter/proposal to Khrushchev / Kennedy ignores the second letter and sends a letter to Khrushchev stating that the U.S. will not invade Cuba if the Soviets remove the missiles from Cuba; Kennedy also offers to remove Jupiter missiles in Turkey
Oct 28 Khrushchev’s
response to Kennedy’s proposal / Khrushchev announces on Radio Moscow that he has agreed to remove the missiles from Cuba

Vietnam War 1968-1973

Question:Describe American military involvement in Vietnam from 1964 to 1973.

Escalation 1964-1968
August 1964
Gulf of
Tonkin Incident /
  • American destroyer in the Gulf of Tonkin is allegedly attacked by North Vietnamese patrol boat; as a result Congress passes Gulf of Tonkin Resolution giving Johnston unlimited power to wage war

February 1965
Operation
Rolling Thunder /
  • U.S. initiates bombing campaign on North Vietnam

November 1965
Battle of IaDrang /
  • first conventional battle of the war between American
forces and North Vietnamese Army (NVA) occurs in the
IaDrang Valley and ends in a draw
January 1967
Operation
Cedar Fall /
  • American and South Vietnamese troops set out to destroy Vietcong operations near Saigon

January 1968
Tet Offensive /
  • North Vietnamese Army and Vietcong launch offensive against South Vietnamese cities
  • It is a military failurebut a political victory for communists and turning point in the war as U.S. realizes war is not close to ending and public opinion begins to shift against the war

May 1968
Peace Talks /
  • peace talks begin between U.S. and North Vietnam in Paris

Vietnamization 1969-1973
1969 Vietnamization /
  • its objective is to shift the burden of defeating the communists onto the South Vietnamese Army allowing
U.S. ground forces to gradually withdraw
April-July 1970
invasion of Cambodia /
  • Americans invade Cambodia to cut off Ho Chi Min Trail prompting protests in the U.S.

Feb-March 1971
invasion of Laos /
  • South Vietnamese Army invades Laos with artillery and aerial support from U.S. (no ground forces) to disrupt future offensives by NVA. > it ends in failure

1972
bombing Hanoi and Haiphong /
  • Nixon orders bombing around Hanoi and Haiphong to get North Vietnamese to make concessions at Paris peace talks

January 1973
ceasefire agreement/Paris Peace Accord /
  • terms: removal of all foreign troops in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia within 60 days, the recognition of the sovereignty of both Vietnams, and release of prisoners of war