Fill in each blank with an appropriate logical connector (transition signal) from the list provided. Use each signal only once. Add punctuation if necessary. (Passages are from Oshima and Hogue’s Writing Academic English, fourth edition by Longman, Swales and Feak’s Academic Writing for Graduate Students by The University of Michigan Press and Effective Writing: From the Paragraph Up by Kenkyusha.)
1.
also final and most convincing for example in fact indeed second
similarly third
One stereotype about North Americans says that they are obsessed with time. It sometimes seems true that for North Americans, time seems as valuable as money. ______they even say, “Time is money.” ______have you noticed how many verbs can be followed by both time and money? ______you can spend time, save time, lose time, find time, make time, waste time, and run out of time. ______you can spend, save, lose, find, make, waste, and run out of money. ______North Americans seem to regard time as a “thing” that one can own. You can have time, buy time, and take time. (One wonders how much it costs and where it is taken.) A ______piece of evidence that North Americans are obsessed with time is their fanaticism about always being on time. ______people who are habitually late risk punishment ranging from frowning disapproval to losing their jobs. The ______proof is that these poor people sometimes take courses in time management! That is really overdoing it, don’t you agree?
vocabulary
noun / verb / adjective, adverb / othersdisapproval
fanaticism
stereotype / frown
overdo / be obsessed with
definitions
1. to make a serious, angry or worried expression by bringing your eyebrows closer together so that lines appear on your forehead ( )
2. extreme beliefs or behavior, especially in connection with religion or politics ( )
3. your mind is completely filled with something so that you cannot think of anything else, in a way that is not normal ( )
4. a fixed idea or image that many people have of a particular type of person or thing, but which is often not true in reality ( )
5. to do something more than is suitable or natural ( )
6. a feeling that you do not like an idea, an action or somebody’s behavior because you think it is bad or not suitable ( )
examples
He shook his head in disapproval.
The bombing symbolizes the worst of religious fanaticism.
He doesn’t conform to the usual stereotype of the businessman with a dark suit and briefcase.
What are you frowning at me for?
Use a few drawings and photographs, but don’t overdo it.
Company executives grumble that analysts are obsessed with short-term performance at the expense of long-term growth and profitability.
2. although for example therefore
It has long been documented that individuals in an organization may voluntarily carry out tasks that are not part of their regular job duties. ______, individuals may go above and beyond the call of duty to help coworkers, prevent problems or volunteer to stay late when not expected to do so. This behavior is intended to help others in the organization or the organization itself and is often referred to as organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). ______it is recognized that OCB is important for an organization to effectively function, there is debate among researchers as to how OCB can be encouraged and rewarded. This debate is further complicated when considering the role of OCB in multinational corporations pursuing global diversity. Most OCB research has focused on Western cultures; ______, it is not clear whether these research findings can be extended to other cultures, thus suggesting a need to investigate OCB as it exists in other cultures, particularly those described as “collectivist.”
vocabulary
noun / verb / adjective, adverb / otherscoworker / document
pursue
reward / collectivist / the call of duty
definitions
1. to give something to somebody because they have done something good or worked hard ( )
2. the feeling that you must do something because it is your duty ( )
3. relating to the political system in which all farms, businesses and industries are owned by the government or by all the people ( )
4. a person that somebody works with, doing the same kind of job ( )
5. to try to achieve something over a period of time ( )
6. to record the details of something ( )
examples
Overall, concern about coworker dating appears to be very low.
Causes of the disease have been well documented.
We intend to pursue this policy with determination.
She was rewarded for her efforts with a cash bonus.
His efforts frequently went beyond the call of duty.
3.
although for example however thus whereas
Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) are a group of metallic materials that can return to some previously defined shape or size when subjected to the appropriate temperature. When some SMA are cold they can be deformed at a low temperature; ______, when the material is heated above this temperature it undergoes a change in crystal structure, ______causing it to return to its original shape. Some materials exhibit shape memory only when heated, ______others can undergo a shape change both when heated and when cooled.
______many alloys are known to have the ability to “remember” their shape, only some may actually find widespread commercial use. Of particular interest are those that can recover substantial amounts of strain or that generate significant force upon changing shape. ______, one common nickel and titanium SMA, Nitinol, has this ability and is being used in surgical implants, clamps, miniature valves and switches, and other devices.
vocabulary
noun / verb / adjective, adverb / othersalloy
implant
strain / deform / surgical
definitions
1. used in or connected with surgery (=medical treatment of injuries or diseases that involves cutting open a person’s body and often removing or replacing some parts) ( )
2. something that is put into a person’s body in a medical operation ( )
3. to change or spoil the usual or natural shape of something ( )
4. the pressure that is put on something when a physical force stretches, pushes, or pulls it ( )
5. a metal that is formed by mixing two types of metal together, or by mixing metal with another substance ( )
examples
Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc.
silicone breast implants
You should try not to place too much strain on muscles and joints.
The disease had deformed his spine.
The delicate surgical operation took five hours.
4.
although because of for example in addition in fact such as thus
______most major companies provide their employees e-mail accounts as well as Internet access, many of these companies are concerned about potential abuse and monitor their employees’ use of these media. ______, more than 75% of all major corporations report that they monitor their employees’ use of e-mail and Internet access, either by spot-checking or constant surveillance. Businesses have many reasons for monitoring e-mail and Internet use; ______, they may be concerned about protecting sensitive company information or they may be worried about lawsuits arising from sexual harassment ______mass mailing of offensive jokes. ______, there may be concerns about productivity. Recent studies have shown that nearly 86% of employees use e-mail and cruise the Web for personal reasons, ______leading many companies to ban unproductive e-mail, ______jokes, and to restrict Web access.
vocabulary
noun / verb / adjective, adverb / othersabuse
surveillance / ban
cruise / offensive
sensitive
definitions
1. that you have to treat with great care because it may offend people or make them angry ( )
2. the use of something in a way that is wrong or harmful ( )
3. to surf (= scan the offerings of television or the Internet for something of interest) ( )
4. the act of carefully watching a person suspected of a crime or a place where a crime may be committed ( )
5. rude in a way that causes you to feel upset, insulted or annoyed ( )
6. to decide or say officially that something is not allowed ( )
examples
He was arrested on charges of corruption and abuse of power.
The police are keeping the suspects under constant surveillance.
Chemical weapons are banned internationally.
His comments were deeply offensive to a large number of single mothers.
Health care is a politically sensitive issue.
5.
at the same time first of all in that case next though to make matters even worse
Listening is a complex skill which takes time to acquire in a foreign language. ______, you have to catch the speech sounds made by the speaker. ______, you have to make sense of what you think you have heard, ______you may not be sure of some part of it. ______, you have to guess. ______, you have to keep asking yourself if what you think you have heard matches the context. ______, all these steps proceed almost simultaneously, making listening a difficult process.
vocabulary
noun / verb / adjective, adverb / otherscontext / acquire / simultaneously / make sense of
definitions
1. to understand something that is difficult or has no clear meaning ( )
2. in a way several things are happening or done at the same time ( )
3. the words that come just before and after a word, phrase or statement and help you to understand its meaning ( )
4. to gain something by your own efforts, or ability ( )
examples
You should be able to guess the meaning of the word from the context.
She has acquired a good knowledge of English.
The game will be broadcast simultaneously on TV and radio.
Can you make any sense of this article?
6.
first of all for example furthermore on the other hand second therefore
One difference among the world’s seas is that the salinity varies in different climate zones. ______, the Baltic Sea in northern Europe is only one-fourth as saline as the Red Sea in the Middle East. There are two reasons for this. ______, in warm climate zones, water evaporates rapidly; ______, the concentration of salt is greater. ______, the surrounding land is dry; consequently, it does not contribute much freshwater to dilute the salty seawater. In cold climate zones, ______, water evaporates slowly. ______, the runoff created by melting snow adds a considerable amount of freshwater to dilute the saline seawater.
vocabulary
noun / verb / adjective, adverb / othersconcentration
runoff / dilute
evaporate / saline
definitions
1. containing salt ( )
2. the amount of a substance in a liquid ( )
3. to make a liquid weaker by adding water or another liquid to it ( )
4. a flow of water from one place to another ( )
5. (of a liquid) to change into a gas, especially steam ( )
examples
allowable concentrations of pesticides in drinking water
The plain is well watered by the runoff from the Alps.
The paint can be diluted with water to make a lighter shade.
Heat until all the water has evaporated.
Wash the lenses in saline solution.
7.
also because because of for example however so that
Lasers have found widespread application in medicine. ______, they play an important role in the treatment of eye disease and the prevention of blindness. The eye is ideally suited for laser surgery ______most of the eye tissue is transparent. ______this transparency, the frequency and focus of the laser beam can be adjusted according to the absorption of the tissue ______the beam “cuts” inside the eye with minimal damage to the surrounding tissue—even the tissue between the laser and the incision. Lasers are ______more effective than other methods in treating some causes of blindness. ______, the interaction between laser light and eye tissue is not fully understood.
vocabulary
noun / verb / adjective, adverb / othersabsorption
incision
surgery / transparent
definitions
1. a sharp cut made in something, particularly during a medical operation ( )
2. (of glass, plastic, etc.) allowing you to see through it ( )
3. the process of a liquid, gas or other substance being taken in ( )
4. medical treatment of injuries or diseases that involves cutting open a person’s body and often removing or replacing some parts ( )
examples
Vitamin D is necessary to aid the absorption of calcium from food.
Make a small incision below the ribs.
He underwent surgery to remove a blood clot.
The box has a transparent plastic lid so you can see what’s inside.
8.
as a result because because of however in addition in another accident indeed
in fact on the one hand on the other hand
Genetic research has produced both exciting and frightening possibilities. Scientists are now able to create new forms of life in the laboratory ______the development of gene splicing. ______, the ability to create life in the laboratory could greatly benefit humankind. One beneficial application of gene splicing is in agriculture. For example, researchers have engineered a more nutritious type of rice that could help alleviate the serious problem of vitamin A deficiency. It is estimated that 124 million children worldwide lack vitamin A, putting them at risk of permanent blindness and other health issues. ______, genetic engineers have created larger fish, frost-resistant strawberries, and cows that produce more milk. ______, agriculture has already benefited from the promise of genetic engineering.